【美国】探究去美国读LLM考Bar

   美国有188所由美国律师协会(ABA)认可的法学院,其中除了一所The Judge Advocate General's School为美国陆军的军校之外,另外187所法学院校每年大约招收3.6万多名的全日制法律学生及约7000名的选读法律学生.所有被ABA认可的法学院,其毕业生均可以参加美国各州的律师考试,大约80%以上的法律学生都以选择律师为主要就业出路,约10%强的法律毕业生进入司法体系或选择其他公职.要获得美国律师协会的认可,法学院必须达到该协会规定的标准,包括学校设施、图书馆藏书、师生比例、课程安排等.

    美国大约有13个州允许LLM学生考bar（美国州级律师资格），这13个州中经济比较发达、其bar比较有实用价值的是CA和NY，其中绝大多数的LLM毕业生会选择考NY的bar。不一定要在某个特定的州读LLM，可以到任何一所美国律协认证的法学院(ABA Approved Law School)读LLM，然后到那个允许考bar的州去参加考试。

允许LL.M.报考的个州：
Arizona, California, Connecticut, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Paula等

    各州对考试资格要求各有不同，加州好像是有多少年实际经验就行，哪怕从来没上过法学院也可以，但好像需要有外国律师执照。德州对单纯读个LLM不能考，但是如果在其他国家执业5年以上，就可以考。

首先，考Bar从理论上来说，是为J.D所准备的，而要考Bar的话，必须是要ABA承认的法学院。应该说，ABA认证法学院也基本上完全是从JD学位来认证的，而和这个学校的LLM并没有多大关系。简单的说，要考bar而进ABA认证的法学院，是指进了它的JD才能保证你获得考Bar的资格。

接下来我们进入重要的问题，就是有关International LLM Student考bar的规定。第一个要澄清的事情是，各个洲都有自己的Bar，因此，作为International Student要考bar，首先要知道哪些洲是可以允许外国人来做自己的律师的，而不是看这个学校是不是让你考Bar。简单说，国际学生考Bar，首先是看哪些洲允许国际学生考。那么，哪些洲允许国际学生考呢，有一下这些：

Arizona, California, Connecticut, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Tennessee, and Virginia

第二个问题，或者说第二个要件是，当你找到了允许你考Bar的洲，还要满足你读的是ABA认证的学位。那么上面已经说了，ABA认证学校是根据JD来分的，那么我们LLM学生要考Bar就不可以单单看学校了，ABA是把JD以外的所有学位，按照学位来认证的。下面就是最重要的东西，ABA认证的LLM学位有哪些，这里我给大家一个ABA网站上的表格：

Alabama, University of, LL.M.
Boston University, LL.M.
Brigham Young University, LL.M.
California-Davis, University of, LL.M.
California-Hastings, LL.M.
California-Los Angeles, University of, LL.M.
California Western, LL.M./M.C.L.
Case Western Reserve University, LL.M. Catholic University of America, LL.M.
Connecticut, University of, LL.M.
Denver, University of, LL.M.
Duke University, LL.M.
Duquesne University Georgetown University, LL.M.
Golden Gate University, LL.M.
Hawaii, University of, LL.M.
Hamline University, LL.M.
Houston, University of, LL.M.
Howard University, LL.M.
Indiana University-Indianapolis, LL.M.
Michigan State University, Detroit College, LL.M.
Miami, University of, LL.M.
Minnesota, University of, LL.M.
Pace University, LL.M. Saint Louis University, LL.M
St. Mary's University, LL.M.
San Diego, University of, LL.M.
San Francisco, University of, LL.M.
Santa Clara University, LL.M.
Seattle University, LL.M.
Southern California, University of, LL.M.
Suffolk University, LL.M.
Temple University, LL.M.
Touro Collge, LL.M.
Tulsa, University of, LL.M.
Valparaiso University, LL.M.
Vanderbilt University, LL.M.
Wake Forest University, LL.M.
Washington and Lee University, LL.M.
Washington University, LL.M.
Whittier School of Law, LL.M.
William & Mary, College of, LL.M.

另外，除了这些LLM学位以外，ABA对于其他学位也有认证，主要有JSD，SJD，JM之类的。那么这里再附上ABA认证的所有学位的列表（总表，光LLM的话可以看楼上的贴），以供大家参考：

Admiralty/Marine Affairs
Tulane University, LL.M.
Washington, University of, LL.M.

Agriculture Law
University of Arkansas-Fayetteville, LL.M.
American and International Legal Practice
Loyola University-Los Angeles

American Law for Foreign Lawyers
Florida State University, LL.M.

Asian and Comparative Law
Washington, University of, LL.M.; Ph.D.

Banking, Corporate, and Finance Law/Financial Services/Securities
Boston University, LL.M.
Chicago-Kent-Illinois Institute of Technology, LL.M.
Fordham University, LL.M.
Georgetown University, LL.M.
New York University, LL.M.
Wayne State University, LL.M.
Widener University, LL.M.

Bankruptcy Law
St. John's University, LL.M.

Biotechnology and Genomics
Arizona State University, LL.M.

Business Law
Loyola University-Chicago, L.L.M.; M.J.
San Diego, University of, LL.M.

Business and Taxation
Capital University, LL.M.
Pacific-McGeorge, University of, LL.M.

Child and Family Law.
Chicago-Kent College of Law, IIT, LL.M.
Loyola University-Chicago, LL.M.; M.J.

Clinical Legal Education
Temple University, LL.M.

Comparative Law/Comparative Legal Studies/Comparative Jurisprudence/Comparative Legal Thought
Florida, University of, LL.M.
Indiana University-Bloomington, M.C.L.
John Marshall Law School, LL.M.
Miami, University of, LL.M.
New York University, M.C.J.
Pennsylvania State University, LL.M.
Samford University, M.C.L.[
Tulane University, M.C.L.
Tulsa, University of, LL.M.
Yeshiva University, LL.M.$

Criminal Law
Buffalo, State University of NY, Univ. at, LL.M.

Dispute Resolution
George Washington, LL.M
Missouri-Columbia, University of, LL.M
Oregon, University of (Masters)
Pepperdine University, M.D.R., LL.M.

Education Law
Franklin Pierce Law Center, M.E.L.

Employee Benits
John Marshall Law School, LL.M.

Energy, Environment/Natural Resources
Denver, University of, LL.M.
George Washington University, LL.M.
Golden Gate University, LL.M.
Houston, University of, LL.M.
Lewis and Clark College, LL.M.
Pace University, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Pacific-McGeorge, University of, LL.M.
Tulane University, LL.M.
Utah, University of, LL.M.
Vermont Law School, LL.M.; M.S.E.L.

Entertainment and Media Law
Southwestern University, LL.M.

Estate Planning
Miami, University of, LL.M.
Missouri-Kansas City, University of, J.D./LL.M.

General or As Approved
Alabama, University of, LL.M.
California-Berkeley, University of , LL.M.; J.S.D.
California-Davis, University of , LL.M.
Cardozo School of Law, LL.M.
Catholic University of America, LL.M.
Chicago, University of, LL.M.; S.J.D.; M.C.L; D.C.L.
Cleveland State University, LL.M.
Columbia University, LL.M.; J.S.D.
Cornell University, LL.M.; J.S.D.
Emory University, LL.M.
George Mason, J.M. (for nonlawyers)
George Washington University, LL.M.
Georgetown University, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Georgia, University of, LL.M.\
Harvard University, LL.M.
Illinois, University of, LL.M.; J.S.D.
Indiana University-Bloomington, LL.M.
Indiana University-Indianapolis, S.J.D.
Louisiana State University, LL.M.; M.C.L.
Michigan, University of, LL.M.; M.C.L.; S.J.D.
Missouri-Kansas City, University of, LL.M.
New York University, LL.M.; J.S.D.
New York University, J.S.D.
Pennsylvania, University of, LL.M.; M.C.L.; S.J.D.
San Diego, University of, LL.M.
Southern Methodist University, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Stanford University, J.S.D.; J.S.M.
Temple University, LL.M.
Texas, University of, LL.M.
Touro College, LL.M.
Tulane University, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Virginia, University of, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Wayne State University, LL.M.
Wisconsin, University of, LL.M.; S.J.D.; M.L.I.
Yale University, LL.M.; J.S.D.

Global Technology
Suffolk University, LL.M.

Government and Public Policy
Pacific-McGeorge, University of, LL.M.
Government Administration and Regulation
Albany Law School of Union University, LL.M.

Health Law
Albany Law School of Union University, LL.M.
DePaul University, LL.M.
Houston, University of, LL.M.
Loyola University-Chicago, LL.M.; S.J.D.; M.J.
Nova Southeastern University, M.H.L.
Quinnipiac University
Saint Louis University, LL.M..K
Seton Hall University, LL.M.
Widener University, LL.M.; S.J.D.; M.J.; D.L

Indigenous Law
Arizona, University of, LL.M.
Tulsa, University of, LL.M.

Insurance Law
Connecticut, University of, LL.M.
Intellectual Property/Technology/Information Technology Law
Akron, University of, LL.M.
Albany Law School of Union University, LL.M.
Boston University, LL.M.
Cardozo, School of Law, LL.M.
Chicago-Kent College of Law, LL.M.
DePaul University, LL.M.
Franklin Pierce Law Center, LL.M.
George Mason University, LL.M.
George Washington University, LL.M.
Golden Gate University, LL.M.
Houston, University of, LL.M.
John Marshall Law School, LL.M.; M.S.
Santa Clara University, LL.M.
Suffolk University, LL.M.
Thomas M. Cooley Law School, LL.M.
Washington University, LL.M.
Washington, University of, LL.M.

International/International and Comparative Law/Comparative and International Law/International Legal Studies
Albany Law School of Union University, LL.M.
American University, LL.M.d
Chicago-Kent-Illinois Institute of Technology, LL.M.(
Georgetown University, LL.M.
George Washington University, LL.M.
Golden Gate University, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Hofstra University, LL.M.
Iowa, University of, LL.M.
Miami, University of, LL.M.
New York University, LL.M.
Notre Dame, University of, LL.M.
Pittsburg, University of, J.S.D.
Puerto Rico, University of, LL.M.
Pittsburgh, University of, LL.M.
San Diego, University of, LL.M.
Southern Methodist University, LL.M.
Stetson University, LL.M.
St. Mary's University, LL.M.
Santa Clara University, LL.M.
Tulane University, LL.M.
Willamette University, LL.M.

International Business and Trade Law/Transnational Business Practice
Arizona, University of, LL.M.
Fordham University, LL.M.
John Marshall Law School, LL.M.
New York University, LL.M.
Pacific-McGeorge, University of, LL.M.
San Francisco, University of, LL.M.
Stetson University, LL.M.

International Economic Law
Houston, University of, LL.M.

International Environmental Law
Washington, University of, LL.M.

Intercultural/International Human Rights
Notre Dame, University of, LL.M.; S.J.D.
St. Thomas University, LL.M.

International Taxation
New York University, LL.M.
Regent University, LL.M.
St. Thomas University, J.S.D.

Inter-American Law
Miami, University of, LL.M.
Judicial Process
Virginia, University of, LL.M.

Labor Law/Employment Law
Georgetown University, LL.M.
New York University, LL.M.
Wayne State University, LL.M.

Law and Economics
George Mason University, LL.M.

Law and Government/Procurement
American University, LL.M.
George Washington University, LL.M.

Law, Religion, and Culture
Samford University, LL.M.; S.J.D.

Legal Studies
Albany Law School of Union University, LL.M.
Arizona State University, LL.M.
Connecticut, University of , LL.M.
Northwestern University, M.S.

Litigation/Trial Advocacy/Advocacy
Georgetown University, LL.M. (Clinical Fellows)
George Washington University, LL.M.

Military Law
Judge Advocate General's School, LL.M.

Ocean and Coastal Law
Miami, University of, LL.M.

Professional Studies in Law
Touro College, M.P.S.L.

Real Estate/Land Development
John Marshall, LL.M.
Miami, University of, LL.M.
Duke University, S.J.D.
Indiana University-Bloomington, S.J.D.
Northwestern University, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Southern Methodist University, S.J.D.
Washington University, J.S.D.

Securities Regulation
Georgetown University, LL.M.

Sustainable International Development
Washington, University of, LL.M.

Taxation
Alabama, University of, LL.M.
Baltimore, University of, LL.M.
Boston University, LL.M.
Capital University, LL.M.
Case Western Reserve University, LL.M.
Chapman University, LL.M.
Chicago-Kent-Illinois Institute of Technology, LL.M.
Denver, University of, LL.M.
DePaul University, LL.M.
Florida, University of, LL.M.; S.J.D.
Georgetown University, LL.M.
Golden Gate University, LL.M.
Houston, University of, LL.M.9
John Marshall Law School, LL.M.
Loyola Marymount University-Los Angeles, LL.M.
Miami, University of, LL.M.
Missouri-Kansas City, University of, LL.M.
New York Law School, LL.M.
New York University, LL.M.
Northwestern University, LL.M.
Pacific-McGeorge, University of, LL.M.
San Diego, University of, LL.M.
Southern Methodist University, LL.M.
Temple University, LL.M.
Thomas M. Cooley Law School, LL.M.
Villanova University, LL.M.
Washington University, LL.M.
Washington, University of, LL.M.
Wayne State University, LL.M.

Trial Advocacy
Temple University, LL.M.

Tribal Policy, Law and Government
Arizona State University, LL.M.

Urban Affairs/Urban Studies
Missouri-Kansas City, University of, LL.M.
Washington University, LL.M