【双语阅读】2017年诺贝尔奖得主及其成就.

　　为帮助广大考生更好地准备雅思、托福、SAT等考试，澳际留学特推出【英语学习】频道，涵盖基础英语、实用英语、娱乐英语等多项内容，在您通往成功的道路上做您最坚实的左膀右臂。

　　Medicine: Oct. 8

　　Gurdon, Yamanaka

　　The Nobel Prize in Physiology or MedicineAffiliations: John B. Gurdon, born in 1933, is at the Gurdon Institute, part of Cambridge University. Shinya Yamanaka, born in 1962, is a professor at Kyoto University and is affiliated with the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco.

　　In Their Research: Mr. Gurdon discovered in 1962 that the specialization of cells is reversible. More than 40 years later, Mr. Yamanaka discovered how intact mature cells in mice could be reprogrammed to become immature stem cells.

　　In the Real World: Without this discovery, known as cellular reprogramming, Dolly the sheep and later cloning experiments would not have been possible. It also allows scientists to create human embryonic stem cells without destroying human embryos, sidestepping an approach long been fraught with ethical controversies.

　　“My goal, all my life, is to bring this stem cell technology to the bedside, to patients, to clinics.”

　　─ Shinya Yamanaka

　　*********************************

　　Physics: Oct. 9

　　Haroche, Wineland

　　The Nobel Prize in PhysicsAffiliations: Serge Haroche is a professor at the College de France and Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris. David J. Wineland is with the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado in Boulder.

　　In Their Research: Messrs. Haroche and Wineland devised clever laboratory experiments that made it possible to control ghostly quantum particles, an achievement that many theoretical physicists believed could never be done.

　　In the Real World: The work has led to the creation of clocks more than 100 times as precise as existing cesium clocks. They have laid the groundwork for a possible quantum computer that would leave today&aposs speediest computers in the dust.

　　“Perhaps the quantum computer will change our everyday lives in this century in the same radical way as the classical computer did in the last century.”

　　─ Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

　　****************************

　　Chemistry: Oct. 10

　　Lkowitz, Kobilka

　　The Nobel Prize in ChemistryAffiliations: Robert J. Lkowitz is an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and professor at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, N.C. Brian K. Kobilka is a professor at Stanford University School of Medicine in California.

　　In Their Research: Messrs. Lkowitz and Kobilka made groundbreaking discoveries, mainly in the 1980s, on an important family of receptors, known as G-protein-coupled receptors. In 2011, Mr. Kobilka&aposs team captured an image of the receptor for adrenaline at the moment when it is activated by a hormone and sends a signal into the cell.

　　In the Real World: This basic understanding of the chemistry of cell communication could be key to development of new treatments for diabetes, depression, cancer and other ills.

　　&aposThink of a disease and there is probably a medicine there that affects the G-protein-coupled receptor.&apos

　　─ Sven Lidin, chairman of the prize committee

　　***************************

　　Literature: Oct. 11

　　Mo Yan

　　The Nobel Prize in LiteratureAffiliations: Chinese

　　In the Books: The Swedish Academy said Mo Yan &aposmerges folk tales, history and the contemporary&apos with &aposhallucinatory realism.&apos

　　In the Real World: Mo Yan first gained widespread fame for the 1987 novel &aposRed Sorghum,&apos which was later made into an award-winning film. Known as a prolific writer, many of his novels have been translated into English, including &aposLife and Death Are Wearing Me Out.&apos He has been criticized in recent years by writers and human-rights activists for failing to use his stature to push for greater freedom of expression in China.

　　&aposHe applies an avant garde fictional vision that gives most of his stories a mythic and absurd quality, revealing influences of William Faulkner and Gabriel Garcia Marquez.&apos

　　─ Prof. Charles Laughlin, University of Virginia

　　Peace: Oct. 12

　　Economics: Oct. 15

　　【中文对照翻译】

　　医学奖：10月8日揭晓

　　AFP/Getty Images格登、山中伸弥

　　生理学或医学奖

　　获奖人：约翰•B•格登(John B. Gurdon)，生于1933年，任职于剑桥大学(Cambridge University)的格登学院(Gurdon Institute)。山中伸弥(Shinya Yamanaka)，生于1962年，京都大学(Kyoto University)教授、旧金山格莱斯顿研究院(Gladstone Institutes)高级研究员。

　　获奖研究：格登在1962年发现细胞分化可逆。40多年后，山中伸弥发现了重组老鼠身上完整成熟细胞、使之变成未成熟干细胞的方法。

　　现实意义：没有这个名为“细胞重组”的发现，绵羊“多利”还有后来的克隆实验就不会成为可能。这一发现还使科学家能够在不破坏人类胚胎的情况下制造人类胚胎干细胞，而不必采用一个长期充满伦理争议的方法。

　　我的目标，我的人生，是将这一干细胞技术带到病床边，带给病人，带给医疗机构。

　　──山中伸弥

　　*********************************

　　物理学奖：10月9日揭晓

　　阿罗什、瓦恩兰

　　获奖人：塞尔日•阿罗什(Serge Haroche)为法兰西学院(College de France)和巴黎高等师范学校(Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris)教授。戴维•瓦恩兰(David J. Wineland)任职于美国商务部国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology)和科罗拉多大学博尔德分校(University of Colorado in Boulder)。

　　获奖研究：阿罗什和瓦恩兰发明了精妙的室内实验方法，使控制扑朔迷离的量子粒子成为可能。很多理论物理学家以为这一成就永远无法实现。

　　现实意义：他们的研究已经带来比现行铯钟精确100多倍的时钟，并为研制一种让今天最快计算机都望尘莫及的量子计算机奠定了基础。

　　量子计算机或许会像传统计算机在上个世纪那样，给我们在这个世纪的日常生活带来翻天覆地的变化。

　　──瑞典皇家科学院(Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)

　　****************************

　　化学奖：10月10日揭晓

　　Associated Press罗伯特•莱夫科维茨和布莱恩•科比尔卡

　　获奖人：罗伯特•莱夫科维茨(Robert Lkowitz)现为美国霍华德•休斯医学研究所(Howard Hughes Medical Institute)研究员，同时也在北卡罗莱纳州达勒姆的杜克大学医学中心(Duke University Medical Center)担任教授。布莱恩•科比尔卡(Brian Kobilka)目前在加州的斯坦福大学医学院(Stanford University Medical School)担任教授。

　　获奖研究：莱夫科维茨和科比尔卡在一类重要的受体──G蛋白偶联受体(G-protein-coupled receptors)研究领域取得了突破性发现，研究主要是在上世纪80年代进行的。2011年，科比尔卡的小组抓拍到了一张肾上腺素受体被激素激活并向细胞发出信号时的照片。

　　现实意义：这是在细胞通讯的化学机理方面取得的基本认识，可能对开发治疗糖尿病、抑郁症、癌症和其他疾病的新方法起到重要作用。

　　想像一种疾病，可能会有一种药物可以影响患者的G蛋白偶联受体。

　　──诺贝尔化学奖评选委员会主席利金(Sven Lidin)

　　***************************

　　文学奖：10月11月揭晓

　　Associated Press莫言

　　获奖人：中国籍

　　获奖理由：瑞典文学院(Swedish Academy)说，莫言用“梦幻般的现实主义”将“民间传说、历史与当代融为一体”。

　　现实意义：1987年，莫言凭藉小说《红高粱》而一举成名。该书后被改编成电影，并获得了大奖。莫言是一名多产作家，很多小说被翻译成英文，其中包括《生死疲劳》。近年来他受到作家和人权活动人士的批评，他们称他没有用自己的身份地位推进中国言论自由的进程。

　　他运用了大胆前卫的想像，使故事具有了神话般的荒诞色彩，这体现出了福克纳(William Faulkner)和马尔克斯(Gabriel Garcia Marquez)对他的影响。

　　──弗吉尼亚大学(University of Virginia)教授罗福林(Charles Laughlin)

　　******************

　　和平奖：10月12日揭晓

　　经济学奖：10月15日揭晓

　　以下部分为【双语阅读】内容，中文翻译部分见第二页。

　　为帮助广大考生更好地准备雅思、托福、SAT等考试，澳际留学特推出【英语学习】频道，涵盖基础英语、实用英语、娱乐英语等多项内容，在您通往成功的道路上做您最坚实的左膀右臂。

　　Medicine: Oct. 8

　　Gurdon, Yamanaka

　　The Nobel Prize in Physiology or MedicineAffiliations: John B. Gurdon, born in 1933, is at the Gurdon Institute, part of Cambridge University. Shinya Yamanaka, born in 1962, is a professor at Kyoto University and is affiliated with the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco.

　　In Their Research: Mr. Gurdon discovered in 1962 that the specialization of cells is reversible. More than 40 years later, Mr. Yamanaka discovered how intact mature cells in mice could be reprogrammed to become immature stem cells.

　　In the Real World: Without this discovery, known as cellular reprogramming, Dolly the sheep and later cloning experiments would not have been possible. It also allows scientists to create human embryonic stem cells without destroying human embryos, sidestepping an approach long been fraught with ethical controversies.

　　“My goal, all my life, is to bring this stem cell technology to the bedside, to patients, to clinics.”

　　─ Shinya Yamanaka

　　*********************************

　　Physics: Oct. 9

　　Haroche, Wineland

　　The Nobel Prize in PhysicsAffiliations: Serge Haroche is a professor at the College de France and Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris. David J. Wineland is with the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado in Boulder.

　　In Their Research: Messrs. Haroche and Wineland devised clever laboratory experiments that made it possible to control ghostly quantum particles, an achievement that many theoretical physicists believed could never be done.

　　In the Real World: The work has led to the creation of clocks more than 100 times as precise as existing cesium clocks. They have laid the groundwork for a possible quantum computer that would leave today&aposs speediest computers in the dust.

　　“Perhaps the quantum computer will change our everyday lives in this century in the same radical way as the classical computer did in the last century.”

　　─ Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

　　****************************

　　Chemistry: Oct. 10

　　Lkowitz, Kobilka

　　The Nobel Prize in ChemistryAffiliations: Robert J. Lkowitz is an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and professor at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, N.C. Brian K. Kobilka is a professor at Stanford University School of Medicine in California.

　　In Their Research: Messrs. Lkowitz and Kobilka made groundbreaking discoveries, mainly in the 1980s, on an important family of receptors, known as G-protein-coupled receptors. In 2011, Mr. Kobilka&aposs team captured an image of the receptor for adrenaline at the moment when it is activated by a hormone and sends a signal into the cell.

　　In the Real World: This basic understanding of the chemistry of cell communication could be key to development of new treatments for diabetes, depression, cancer and other ills.

　　&aposThink of a disease and there is probably a medicine there that affects the G-protein-coupled receptor.&apos

　　─ Sven Lidin, chairman of the prize committee

　　***************************

　　Literature: Oct. 11

　　Mo Yan

　　The Nobel Prize in LiteratureAffiliations: Chinese

　　In the Books: The Swedish Academy said Mo Yan &aposmerges folk tales, history and the contemporary&apos with &aposhallucinatory realism.&apos

　　In the Real World: Mo Yan first gained widespread fame for the 1987 novel &aposRed Sorghum,&apos which was later made into an award-winning film. Known as a prolific writer, many of his novels have been translated into English, including &aposLife and Death Are Wearing Me Out.&apos He has been criticized in recent years by writers and human-rights activists for failing to use his stature to push for greater freedom of expression in China.

　　&aposHe applies an avant garde fictional vision that gives most of his stories a mythic and absurd quality, revealing influences of William Faulkner and Gabriel Garcia Marquez.&apos

　　─ Prof. Charles Laughlin, University of Virginia

　　Peace: Oct. 12

　　Economics: Oct. 15

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