GMAT阅读题型之结构题.

　　在GMAT阅读题型中，很重要的一类就是结构题，这一类题型往往考察考生朋友测试你分析和评价文章的组织和逻辑的能力，那么遇到这类题型该如何解题呢，为此澳际小编特进行收集整理，分享给大家，希望对大家有所帮助，文中观点仅供参考。

　　结构题要求你分析和评价文章的组织和逻辑。结构题可能会问到一篇文章是如何构造的。例如，哪里在定义;哪里在进行比较和对照;哪里在表达新观点;哪里在反驳一个观点。结构题也可能会问到作者是如何说服读者接受自己的主张的，或者作者使用某个特别的支撑细节的原因。结构题还可能要求你识别作者所做的假设，或者要求你评估作者的论证的力度和缺陷，或者要求你找出合适的驳论。结构题不仅测试你理解文章的能力，还测试你准确地评价文章的能力。然而，对你来说非常重要的是你必须明白，这类问题既不需要你依赖于任何规整的逻辑，也不需要你熟悉逻辑和论证方面的专门术语。你回答这些问题，只需要用到文中所提到的信息并进行仔细的推理。

　　Types of logicalstructures often used in GMAT

　　1. A comparison orcontrast between two events, ideas, phenomena or people.

　　2. One theory or idea illustrated with several detailed examples or illustrations(often one example or illustration per paragraph)

　　3. One theory or idea supported by several arguments (often one argumentper paragraph)

　　4. Several theories or approaches to a single question or topic (often onetheory or approach per paragraph)

　　5. Pro and Con arguments presented on both sides of a single issue

　　6. A cause-fect sequence showing how one event led to another (presentedeither in chronological order or via flashback with later events named borethe earlier ones)

　　例：Passage 20 (20/63)

　　Speciesinterdependence in nature confers many benits on the species involved, but itcan also become a point of weakness

　　when one species involved in the relationship is affected by a catastrophe. Thus,flowering plant species dependent on insect pollination, as opposed toself-pollination or wind pollination, could be endangered when the populationof insect-pollinators is depleted by the use of pesticides.

　　(第一段：物种的相互依赖使受益很多互相依赖的物种，但是这种相互依赖的的缺点：当其中一种物种受到灾难时体现。例如花粉的物种)

　　In thorests of New Brunswick(名字要记住，简记为NB-举例，预期下面要出细节题), forexample, various pesticides have been sprayed in the past 25 years in fortsto control the spruce budworm, an economically significant pest. Scientistshave now investigated the fects of the spraying of Matacil,one of the anti-budworm agents that is leasttoxic(比较举例分析的这种spraying和其它的spraying的关系，预期有比较关系，做推断的题)toinsect-pollinators. They studied Matacil’s fects on insect mortality in awide variety of wild insect species and on plant fecundity,expressedas the percentage of the total flowers on an individual plant that actuallydeveloped fruit and bore seeds.(我读出要授粉后才会产生果实，所以用果实的percentage来读出fecundity这个词和pollination产生关系，那么逻辑图:spraying

　　影响insect-pollinator,主要是减少，->减少授粉->果实减少)They found that the most pronounced mortality after the spraying of Matacil occurred among thesmaller bees and one family of flies, insects that were all importantpollinators of numerous species of plants growing beneath the tree canopy offorests. The fecundity of plants in one common indigenous species, thered-osier dogwood, was significantly reduced in the sprayed areas as comparedto that of plants in control plots where Matacil was not sprayed. This speciesis highly dependent on the insect-pollinators most vulnerable to Matacil. Thecreeping dogwood, a species similar to the red-osier dogwood, but which ispollinated by large bees, such as bumblebees, showed no significant decline infecundity. Since large bees are not affected by the spraying of Matacil, theseresults add weight to the argument that spraying where the pollinators aresensitive to the pesticide used decreases plant fecundity.

　　(第二段：NB用spraying的M情况举例：两方面对比受影响和未受影响的物种论述，得到(加强)结论：对于spraying敏感的授粉对象，spraying后植物多样行下降)

　　The question of whether the decrease in plant fecunditycaused by the spraying of pesticides actually causes a decline in the overallpopulation of flowering plant species still remains unanswered.

　　(第三段的中心意思)Plantspecies dependent solely on seeds for survival or dispersal are obviously morevulnerable to any decrease in plant fecundity that occurs, whatever its cause.If, on the other hand, vegetative growth and dispersal (by means of shoots orrunners) are available as alternative reproductive strategies for a species,then decreases in plant fecundity may be of little consequence. The fecundityfects described here are likely to have the most profound impact on plant specieswith allfour of the following characteristics(列举一般下面会出题):

　　a shortlife span, a narrow geographic range, an incapacity for vegetative propagation,and a dependence on a small number of insect-pollinator species.

　　Perhapswe should give special attention to the conservation of such plant speciessince they lack key factors in their denses against the environmentaldisruption caused by pesticide use.

　　(第三段：对前面的结论提出质疑(逻辑结构严密的体现)：由于spraying的作用使植物多样性下降是否真的使整体的花粉植物的总数下降?->会受到影响的物种/不会受到影的物种->物种多样性易受影响的植物的四个特点->对保护物种的建议。其实这段主要还是在论述关于易受影响的物种。对于前面的观点-相互依赖的物种的弱点引申出的话题)

　　1. Which of the following best summarizesthe main point of the passage?

　　(A) Species interdependence is a point of weakness for someplants, but is generally benicial to insects involved in pollination.

　　(B) Efforts to control the spruce budworm have had deleteriousfects on the red-osier dogwood.

　　(C) The used of pesticides may be endangeringcertain plant species dependent on insects for pollination.

　　(D) The spraying of pesticides can reduce the fecundity of aplant species, but probably does not affect its overall population stability.

　　(E) Plant species lacking key factors in their denses againsthuman environmental disruption will probably become extinct.

　　2. According to the author, a floweringplant species whose fecundity has declined due to pesticide spraying may notexperience an overall population decline if the plant species can do which ofthe following?

　　(A) Reproduce itself by means of shoots and runners.

　　(B) Survive to the end of the growing season.

　　(C) Survive in harsh climates.

　　(D) Respond to the fecundity decline by producing more flowers.

　　(E) Attract large insects as pollinators.

　　3. The passage suggests that the lack ofan observed decline in the fecundity of the creeping dogwood strengthens theresearchers conclusions regarding pesticide use because the

　　(A) creeping dogwood is a species that does not resemble otherforest plants

　　(B) creeping dogwood is a species pollinated by a broader rangeof insect species than are most dogwood species

　　(C) creeping dogwood grows primarily in regions that were notsprayed with pesticide, and so served as a control for the experiment

　　(D) creeping dogwood is similar to the red-osier dogwood, but itsinsect pollinators are known to be insensitive to the pesticide used in thestudy

　　(E) geographical range of the creeping dogwood is similar tothat of the red-osier dogwood, but the latter species relies less on seeds forreproduction

　　4. The passage suggests that which of thollowing is true of the forest regions in

　　NewBrunswick

　　sprayed with mostanti-budworm pesticides other than Matacil?(可定位的细节题)

　　(A) The fecundity of some flowering plants in those regions may havedecreased to an even greater degree than in the regions where Matacil is used.

　　(M是least toxic的spraying，通过studyM’s fect found fecundity受影响和未受影响的species,结论：授粉者容易受到pesticide影响的会减少植物多样性)。

　　(B) Insect mortality in those regions occurs mostly among thelarger species of insects, such as bumblebees.

　　(C) The number of seeds produced by common plant species inthose regions is probably comparable to the number produced where Matacil is sprayed.(seed是第三段提到的内容，第二段还没有出现，排除)

　　(D) Many more plant species have become extinct in those regionsthan in the regions where Matacil is used.

　　(E) The spruce budworm is under better control in those regionsthan in the regions where Matacil is sprayed.

　　5. It can be inferred that which of thollowing is true of plant fecundity as itis dined in the passage?(答案一般出现在这个词出现第一次的地方)

　　(A) A plant’s fecundity decreases as the percentage of unpollinatedflowers on the plant increases.(原文的论述也有percentage，要小心，比较关系叙述是否正确，比较关系容易出逻辑推理，一般是考点，此处是和原文表述同一个意思，但是时相反的论述)

　　(B) A plant’s fecundity decreases as the number of flowersproduced by the plant decreases.

　　(C) A plant’s fecundity increases as the number of flowersproduced by the plant increases.

　　(D) A plant’s fecundity is usually low if the plant relies on asmall number of insect species for pollination.

　　(E) A plant’s fecundity is high if the plant can reproducequickly by means of vegetative growth as well as by the production of seeds.

　　6. It can be inferred from the passagethat which of the following plant species would be LEAST likely to experience adecrease in fecundity as a result of the spraying of a pesticide not directlytoxic to plants?

　　(A) A flowering tree pollinated by only a few insect species

　　(B) A kind of insect-pollinated vine producing few flowers

　　(C) A wind-pollinated flowering tree that is short-lived

　　(D) A flowering shrub pollinated by a large number of insectspecies

　　(E) A type of wildflower typically pollinated by larger insects

　　7. Which of the following assumptionsmost probably underlies the author’s tentative recommendation in lines51-54?

　　(A) Human activities that result in environmental disruption shouldbe abandoned.

　　(B) The use of pesticides is likely to continue into the future.

　　(C) It is economically benicial to preserve endangered plantspecies.

　　(D) Preventing the endangerment of a species is less costly thantrying to save an already endangered one.

　　(E) Conservation forts aimed at preserving a few well-chosenspecies are more cost-fective than are broader-based forts to improve theenvironment.

　　Summary：逻辑结构：

　　提出观点(关于植物依赖性)->进一步阐述，加强结论->提出质疑，分析提出建议

　　以上就是GMAT阅读题型之类比题的相关介绍，考生朋友们在遇到此类问题后不妨多尝试着用这些信息，最后祝大家都能考出好成绩。