GMAT语法知识点详解（九）.

　　从今天开始澳际留学小编会为大家整理一些有关GMAT语法的试题，并附有这些试题的讲解以及GMAT语法知识点。红色标注的为每道题的正确选项，关于每道题解析中一开始的考点说明会有列举得比较详细，建议参看的战友第一次看本笔记时先跳过那些考点说明，直接看选项分析，有不懂的点再回头核对相关知识点。为不强加思维于众考生，笔记里面大多题目并没有点出做题的思维方式，只分析了错误的语法点。希望这些分析以及相关语法知识能帮到大家。更多相关问题可咨询澳际留学在线专家，如果有任何意见和建议，也请联系我们。

187.

　　United States Senator Daniel Inouye was appointed to several posts within the Democratic Party during his first term, that included assistant majority whip and vice-chair of the Democratic Senatorial Committee.

　　A. that included

　　B. which includes

　　C. including

　　D. some of which were

　　E. among them being

　　题目释义：DI was appointed to several posts……,including……

　　考点：

　　1. 定语从句;普通的非限定性定语从句要用which引导(个别非限定性定语从句依然用that引导，但不在GMAT考核范围之内)，而限定性定语从句要用that引导。(关于限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句区别见07prep语法笔记)

　　2. 这里including并不是做伴随使用，Include和continue都很少有V-ing用法，这里的including是介词。

　　选项分析：

　　A.引导普通的非限定定语从句用which;改为which后，which与所指的posts相隔太远，也不太好。

　　B.根据句意，定语从句应该修饰several posts，故为复数，使用includes错误,并且时态上讲应该使用一般过去时;which与所指的posts相隔太远，不好。

　　C.Correct;including比which included更为简洁、明确，including介词短语修饰前面短语的核心词posts。

　　D. some of which与所指的posts相隔太远。

　　E. Being累赘;among them being修饰对象不明确(awkward)，并且无法引导独立主格。

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　　188.

　　Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

　　A. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are

　　B. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

　　C. Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

　　D. Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, (A)

　　E. Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

　　题目释义：Ns, having done….., are doing sth.……

　　考点：

　　1. 句子完整结构，

　　2. V-ing(present participle)修饰：

　　V-ing结构在句子中可以做定语，状语。

　　1) 放在句子末尾时，如果前面是主谓宾结构，如果同时时态上与主句搭配合理，V-ing结构作状语，作为：

　　① 伴随动作，表与主句动词同时发生的动作

　　② 伴随结果，表主句动作带来的结果。

　　此时注意其逻辑主语的判断：其所修饰分句的动作发出者。

　　2) 如果前面是主系表结构，由于系动词是一个状态不存在“被伴随”，但是V-ing结构依然修饰的是整个主系表结构，所以后面的V-ing结构也可以被解读为修饰前面的名词成分—主语(如果宾语是名词，也一同修饰，因为主系表结构中主语和宾语所指是同一事物--见OG10-39, OG11-24中对正确选项C的解释)。

　　例：OG10-39 For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.

　　A. a method to protect

　　B. as a method protecting

　　C. protecting

　　D. as a protection of

　　E. to protect

　　OG10-39的解释(注意C选项的解释)：

　　Choice C is best because the participle protecting begins a phrase that explains what the shields did. Choices A and B awkwardly use the singular word method to rer to items of military equipment rather than to the use of such items. Also, a method of protecting would be more idiomatic than a method to protect in A or a method protecting in B. In B and D, as is incorrect; also, a protection in D has no noun for which it can logically substitute. Choice E is incomplete; used to protect would have been acceptable.

　　OG11-24的解释(注意C和E选项的解释)

　　Logical predication + rhetorical construction

　　The underlined part of the sentence begins a phrase describing items of military equipment. It is awkward and inaccurate to describe items as a method. Replacing the underlined phrase with the participle protecting creates a modifying phrase that clearly explains the purpose of the items of military equipment.

　　A A method to protect is an awkward rerence to items

　　B The singular a method should not rer to the plural items, as a method protecting is not idiomatic

　　C Correct. In this sentence, protecting properly introduces a modifying phrase revealing the purpose of the items.

　　D Beginning the phrase with as is incorrect; using the noun form protection creates wordiness

　　E The infinitive to protect cannot act as an adjective modifying items; the participial form of the verb, protecting, is required

　　The correct answer is C.

　　3) 现在分词在句尾用逗号隔开，必须要注意的一点是这个结构从来都没有失去过“做定语”的功能，只是优先做状语而已，即优先修饰到前面主句的主语和谓语。如下题如果前面主句的谓语是完成时态，那么既然已经完成了，drawing就无法再做其的伴随，所以只剩下做定语的功能。

　　例：OG12-21

　　Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

　　(A) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are

　　(B) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

　　(C) Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

　　(D) Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

　　(E) Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

　　答案是A。 OG对D项的解释: The final descriptor in present tense,now drawing conclusions....does not fit the opening clause, which is in present-prect tense(have amassed a wealth)and seems to midify adulthood.

　　3. aeoluseros对于Having done知识点的补充说明：

　　1) 不能作为名词结构，因此不能用该结构作主语。

　　2) 我对定语、状语的理解是这样的：有的时候同一个成分、结构可以做定语，也可以做状语，只要区分被修饰对象与结合时态等分析逻辑上能不能合理修饰就够了，没必要太在意是做定语还是做状语。也就是说，区不区分定语、状语都可以，关键是要明白定语和状语的功能都是“修饰”(有点像废话，不过我的意思是平时我统一把他们记为“修饰语”，只有在做题目解释的时候才区分一下)。

　　prep1-188中，A选项"having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood"，你可以把这个成分理解成状语，也可以理解为定语，修饰的都是Neuroscientists这个主体或这个主体发出的动作，只要你把having看做定语和状语时，句意理解起来是一样的，那么就没有歧义问题。

　　而prep1-97：Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.这里面having可能修饰pollutants，也可能修饰they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants整个分句，所以having产生了修饰歧义

　　3) having done可以做非限定性修饰，不能做限定性修饰。

　　夸克的语法大全里面明确写出having done做限定性修饰是错误的：

　　The perfective aspect cannot usually be expressed in the finite clause:

　　wrong: The man having won the race is my brother.

　　correct: The man who has won the race is my brother.

　　也就是说.完成时的ing分词形式(having done)作为限制性的修饰是不可以的，但是可以作为非限制性的修饰。

　　4) having done短语中所表达的内容发生在主句动作之前

　　5) When having done 结构一定错错，因为不应该有 when。单是 Having done 就够了。Have 有很多地方与正牌动词不同，When 后就不能用 having 了。原因是 having done 是过去，而 when 是当时，所以有冲突。

　　4. a wealth of 大量的

　　选项分析：

　　A. Correct;

　　B. 句子结构不完整，and前半分句没有谓语动词;over the past twenty years错误修饰adulthood

　　C. having amassed改成了amassing时态上发生变化，即amass发生的时间有变化，使得逻辑不合理;句子结构不完整，and前半分句没有谓语动词;over the past twenty years错误修饰adulthood

　　D. 由于v-ing短语无法伴随修饰现在完成时，伴随动作与伴随结果均不对

　　E. 同D

　　OG12-21对本题解释：

　　Grammatical construction; Logical predication

　　This sentence introduces the subject (Neuroscientists), pauses to explain what neuroscientists have accomplished in the past twenty years, and then concludes by explaining what neuroscientists are presently doing as a result of their past accomplishments. The second part of the sentence—the explanation—interrupts the flow of the sentence from the subject (Neuroscientists) to the predicate (are now drawing solid conclusions …); it should therore be bracketed by commas. The sentence construction should provide a main verb for the subject neuroscientists.

　　A. Correct. Th e explanatory phrase between the subject and predicate is set off by commas, and the main clause contains both a subject (Neuroscientists) and a corresponding verb (are now drawing).

　　B. And are indicates that are follows a previous verb, but in fact the sentence has not yet provided a first main verb for the subject Neuroscientists; the sentence is therore incomplete; over the … years appears to be modifying adulthood.

　　C. Amassing, like having amassed, functions as an adjective, not a verb; the sentence therore lacks the first main verb implied by the compound verb construction and are now drawing. …

　　D. The final descriptor in present tense, now drawing conclusions … does not fit the opening clause, which is in present-perfect tense (have amassed a wealth …) and seems to modify adulthood.

　　E. Like D, this sentence attempts to attach a present-tense descriptor to a present-perfect clause.

　　相关链接：

1.GMAT语法必备知识点汇总

2.GMAT语法OG知识点集锦

3.740分考生细谈GMAT语法备考