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从今天开始澳际留学小编会为大家整理一些有关GMAT语法的试题，并附有这些试题的讲解以及GMAT语法知识点。红色标注的为每道题的正确选项，关于每道题解析中一开始的考点说明会有列举得比较详细，建议参看的战友第一次看本笔记时先跳过那些考点说明，直接看选项分析，有不懂的点再回头核对相关知识点。为不强加思维于众考生，笔记里面大多题目并没有点出做题的思维方式，只分析了错误的语法点。希望这些分析以及相关语法知识能帮到大家。更多相关问题可咨询澳际留学在线专家，如果有任何意见和建议，也请联系我们。
211. (GWD-8-Q39，OG12-136)
Whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes form a random pattern.
A. Whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes
B. Whereas the tiny tubes for the conveying of nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in mammals in parallel lines, birds have tubes that
C. Unlike mammals, where the tiny tubes for conveying nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, birds’ tubes
D. Unlike mammals, in whom the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, the tubes in birds (A)
E. Unlike the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells, which in mammals are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes
题目释义：Whereas in mammals…., in birds…
考点：
比较(comparison)
出国留学办理签证是必不可少的，而办理签证的过程亦难易简，从政策解析到递交材料，从申请签证到领取签证!《玩转留学签证》帮你顺利拿下各国签证！更有名校师哥师姐为你讲解牛校申请经验，《谁说申请高手没有秘密》赶紧来探秘一下吧！
1. 比较：
(1) whereas = while(while前后句子之结构要求并列相对)
(2) whereas连接的平行比较只要求对比的核心逻辑上有对称关系，不要求对称位置必须是对称名词，下面句子中主从句的主语分别是energy和nuclear power并不是对称名词，但是对比的核心都是“核能发电占总产出能量的份额”：
如OG12-131 Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany.
*：但是如果whereas后面接介词短语，那么主句的开头也必须需要是介词短语(whereas后出现介词短语或者状语都会非常对称)，如果whereas后接单纯主谓宾(或主系表)，主句也要尽量用单纯的主谓宾(或主系表)来对应，除非同下面GWD 18-2一样后半句主谓即已经可完全表达出“对称”的含义(each language occupies a distinct area of the brain是主谓宾齐全;language areas overlap是主谓，没有宾语。但两个分句依然算是平行，因为逻辑已经平行。)：
prep1-29 Pine trees thrive in relatively wet climates, whereas oaks prer drier ones.
prep1-54 In cooking, small quantities of spices are used, whereas in medicinal usage spices are taken in large quantities in order to treat particular maladies.
prep2-102 Whereas a female grizzly bear in the Rockies typically occupies a range of 50 to 300 square miles, a male will cover 200 to 500 and occasionally as many as 600.
prep1-194. Whereas the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, the yellow jacket’s stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therore be pulled out and used again.
大全933. Whereas owners of condominium apartments have free and clear title to their dwellings, owners of cooperative apartments have shares in a corporation that owns a building and leases apartments to them.
GWD18-2 According to findings derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the area of the brain in which a second or third language is stored depends on the age of the language learner; whereas each language occupies a distinct area of the brain in an adult learner, language areas overlap in a young child.
(3) 标准书面语中，like/unlike后只加名词(不一定具体名词)表比较，不能加不定式短语,分词短语(prep 1-54 unlike cooking with spes错),句子或介短。(后面接这些东西的时候unlike要改为whereas等等)。
(4) like/unlike是严格的硬梆梆比较，比较对象必须严格对等，中间不能插入任何成分比如介词短语
2. 关系代词用法
选项分析：
A. correct;whereas后的介词需要位置上平行对称，在此in mammals和in birds平行;本句比较的是mammals的血管和birds的血管;除了A选项，其他选项结构上都很混乱
B. 虽然whereas不要求对称位置必须是对称名词，但本选项主从句核心含义不对等，一个是tiny tubes的排列，一个是birds用怎么样的tubes，比较主体成了tubes和birds，因此错误;the tiny tubes for the conveying of nutrients to bone cells表达不清晰，不如用定语从句来修饰：the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed
C. mammals和tubes不对等;mammals不是地点、位置，用关系代词where指代mammals错误;the tiny tubes for the conveying of nutrients to bone cells表达不清晰同B
D. mammals和tubes不对等;in whom关系代词错误，要用in which
E. 主句主语tubes前面不能插入in birds，需要改为tubes in birds;which指代cells，原句是the tiny tubes are arrayed in parallel lines，此句变成了bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines，改变句意
补充说明：
1. who, whom只能指人，不可指物(如language，要用which指代);which只能指物，不可指人
2. 传统语法规定that不能用于指人，而只能用that指思想观点、动物或不具有生命的物体(植物属于不具有生命的物体)，要用whose, whose可以指人也可以指物(prep1-192)
3. OG11-130里面说that不能指代人，只能用who来指代。(虽然现代英语用法中that可以用于不同情形)
4. 本题为OG12-136：OG解释为：
Idiom; Rhetorical construction; Parallelism
Whereas introduces two contrasting situations or events and should be followed by parallel structures. In this sentence, whereas is immediately followed by a clause beginning with the prepositional phrase in mammals; this means that the second part of the sentence must also be a clause that opens with a preposition that functions in the same way—in this case, in birds. This structure clarifies that the things being contrasted are the tubes in mammals and the tubes in birds. Incorrect versions of the sentence grammatically contrast tubes and birds, mammals and tubes, or birds and mammals.
A Correct. Parallel structures make clear that the tubes in mammals are being contrasted with the tubes in birds.
B The faulty parallelism results in a sentence that is confusing and unnecessarily wordy.
C The sentence compares mammals and birds’ ubes.
D Because of faulty parallelism, this sentence also compares mammals and tubes in birds.
E This structure is wordy and confusing because of faulty parallelism.
Th e correct answer is A.
212. (GWD-10-Q1)
According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of American Medical Colleges, minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in planning to practice in socioeconomically deprived areas.
A. minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in planning to practice
B. minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than other graduates who plan on practicing
C. minority graduates are nearly four times as likely as other graduates to plan on practicing
D. it is nearly four times more likely that minority graduates rather than other graduates will plan to practice (C)
E. it is nearly four times as likely for minority graduates than other graduates to plan to practice
题目释义：According to…, minority graduates are…four times as likely as…to plan on…
考点：
习惯用语(idiom) 逻辑意思(logical predication)
1. as+adj/adv+as，more than固定搭配：
2. Plan的用法：
plan to do something： He said he planned to write his essay tonight.
plan on doing something： When do you plan on going to Geneva?
plan something： The former president is planning a return to politics.
3. be likely to do 很容易、倾向于做某事。
4. 强调句的结构是：It +be +强调部分+ that (who) + 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用"who"，其余用that。强调句中it无所指。
*：区别强调句型和其他从句的最好方法是“试减法”。也就是说，如果把句子中“It be…that…”这一框架去掉，句子的剩余部分(可以进行位置上的调整)结构完整，意思通顺，合乎逻辑，则that引导的是强调句型，否则为其他从句。例如：It was at nine yesterday that we met the film star.
运用“试减法”，此句可改写为：We met the film star at nine yesterday. 显然，句子结构完整，意思通顺，故为强调句型。
选项分析：
A. 主系表结构的比较中，如果是主语比较，系动词要省略，are多余;be likely in doing用法错误，应为be likely to do…
B. who plan on practicing变成定语从句修饰graduates，使得be likely to结构不完整
C. 正确;four times as likely as…和four times more likely than…都是可以的，且含义相同;Be likely to do...使用正确，plan on doing…使用正确
D. 这里是强调句型，It is likely that…句型可以用(OG 10-237);more…than比较句型不完整，使得minority graduates不知道和谁比，选项这么写minority graduates一定不是和other graduates比，合适的结构应该是it is X times more likely that A will happen than that B will happen，不过更合适的是&aposA is X times more likely to happen than B’
E. four times as…than…比较结构错误;for minority graduates和other graduates不平行(将than还原为as后即可发现)
补充说明：
1. 关于倍数的表达----by balabaladou7：
白勇《GMAT语法全解》中说过“...times + 形容词/副词比较级 + than.....”属于有争议的结构，因为产生歧义。标准书面语中避免使用此结构。“....times + as+形容词/副词+as" 则常用。
但好像张道真语法上有说:--6道OG例子证明这个两种表达都可以。
five times as...as 和 five times more/greater than...是表达相同的数量概念的.这是英语国家的语言习惯,不能用中文硬翻理解. 张道真语法 P384/页尾注释。
2. as或than引导比较从句中的省略原则----form 白勇语法
1) 比较从句谓语与主句谓语相同，可用do，did，does代替。
2) 比较从句连系动词be与主句连系动词be相同，可以省略be，也可以不省略。
3) 主语谓语动词短语使用“助动词(如have，has，had，will)或情态动词(can，could，may，should)+verb”形式时，比较从句往往省略verb，保留助动词或情态动词。
4) 比较从句的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语相同时，可以全部省去，常常保留做状语的介词短语或状语从句。
5) 比较从句的主语与主句主语相同，可以省略。
3. It is likely that是可以用的，只是需要看清楚这里的it是形式主语还是指代。
相关链接：
1.GMAT语法：高频代词知识点
2.770分考生谈GMAT语法
3.GMAT语法必备知识点汇总
GMAT语法知识点详解（二十一）GMAT语法知识点详解（二十一）从今天开始澳际留学小编会为大家整理一些有关GMAT语法的试题，并附有这些试题的讲解以及GMAT语法知识点。红色标注的为每道题的正确选项，关于每道题解析中一开始的考点说明会有列举得比较详细，建议参看的战友第一次看本笔记时先跳过那些考点说明，直接看选项分析，有不懂的点再回头核对相关知识点。为不强加思维于众考生，笔记里面大多题目并没有点出做题的思维方式，只分析了错误的语法点。希望这些分析以及相关语法知识能帮到大家。更多相关问题可咨询澳际留学在线专家，如果有任何意见和建议，也请联系我们。
211. (GWD-8-Q39，OG12-136)
Whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes form a random pattern.
A. Whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes
B. Whereas the tiny tubes for the conveying of nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in mammals in parallel lines, birds have tubes that
C. Unlike mammals, where the tiny tubes for conveying nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, birds’ tubes
D. Unlike mammals, in whom the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, the tubes in birds (A)
E. Unlike the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells, which in mammals are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes
题目释义：Whereas in mammals…., in birds…
考点：
比较(comparison)
出国留学办理签证是必不可少的，而办理签证的过程亦难易简，从政策解析到递交材料，从申请签证到领取签证!《玩转留学签证》帮你顺利拿下各国签证！更有名校师哥师姐为你讲解牛校申请经验，《谁说申请高手没有秘密》赶紧来探秘一下吧！
1. 比较：
(1) whereas = while(while前后句子之结构要求并列相对)
(2) whereas连接的平行比较只要求对比的核心逻辑上有对称关系，不要求对称位置必须是对称名词，下面句子中主从句的主语分别是energy和nuclear power并不是对称名词，但是对比的核心都是“核能发电占总产出能量的份额”：
如OG12-131 Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany.
*：但是如果whereas后面接介词短语，那么主句的开头也必须需要是介词短语(whereas后出现介词短语或者状语都会非常对称)，如果whereas后接单纯主谓宾(或主系表)，主句也要尽量用单纯的主谓宾(或主系表)来对应，除非同下面GWD 18-2一样后半句主谓即已经可完全表达出“对称”的含义(each language occupies a distinct area of the brain是主谓宾齐全;language areas overlap是主谓，没有宾语。但两个分句依然算是平行，因为逻辑已经平行。)：
prep1-29 Pine trees thrive in relatively wet climates, whereas oaks prer drier ones.
prep1-54 In cooking, small quantities of spices are used, whereas in medicinal usage spices are taken in large quantities in order to treat particular maladies.
prep2-102 Whereas a female grizzly bear in the Rockies typically occupies a range of 50 to 300 square miles, a male will cover 200 to 500 and occasionally as many as 600.
prep1-194. Whereas the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, the yellow jacket’s stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therore be pulled out and used again.
大全933. Whereas owners of condominium apartments have free and clear title to their dwellings, owners of cooperative apartments have shares in a corporation that owns a building and leases apartments to them.
GWD18-2 According to findings derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the area of the brain in which a second or third language is stored depends on the age of the language learner; whereas each language occupies a distinct area of the brain in an adult learner, language areas overlap in a young child.
(3) 标准书面语中，like/unlike后只加名词(不一定具体名词)表比较，不能加不定式短语,分词短语(prep 1-54 unlike cooking with spes错),句子或介短。(后面接这些东西的时候unlike要改为whereas等等)。
(4) like/unlike是严格的硬梆梆比较，比较对象必须严格对等，中间不能插入任何成分比如介词短语
2. 关系代词用法
选项分析：
A. correct;whereas后的介词需要位置上平行对称，在此in mammals和in birds平行;本句比较的是mammals的血管和birds的血管;除了A选项，其他选项结构上都很混乱
B. 虽然whereas不要求对称位置必须是对称名词，但本选项主从句核心含义不对等，一个是tiny tubes的排列，一个是birds用怎么样的tubes，比较主体成了tubes和birds，因此错误;the tiny tubes for the conveying of nutrients to bone cells表达不清晰，不如用定语从句来修饰：the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed
C. mammals和tubes不对等;mammals不是地点、位置，用关系代词where指代mammals错误;the tiny tubes for the conveying of nutrients to bone cells表达不清晰同B
D. mammals和tubes不对等;in whom关系代词错误，要用in which
E. 主句主语tubes前面不能插入in birds，需要改为tubes in birds;which指代cells，原句是the tiny tubes are arrayed in parallel lines，此句变成了bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines，改变句意
补充说明：
1. who, whom只能指人，不可指物(如language，要用which指代);which只能指物，不可指人
2. 传统语法规定that不能用于指人，而只能用that指思想观点、动物或不具有生命的物体(植物属于不具有生命的物体)，要用whose, whose可以指人也可以指物(prep1-192)
3. OG11-130里面说that不能指代人，只能用who来指代。(虽然现代英语用法中that可以用于不同情形)
4. 本题为OG12-136：OG解释为：
Idiom; Rhetorical construction; Parallelism
Whereas introduces two contrasting situations or events and should be followed by parallel structures. In this sentence, whereas is immediately followed by a clause beginning with the prepositional phrase in mammals; this means that the second part of the sentence must also be a clause that opens with a preposition that functions in the same way—in this case, in birds. This structure clarifies that the things being contrasted are the tubes in mammals and the tubes in birds. Incorrect versions of the sentence grammatically contrast tubes and birds, mammals and tubes, or birds and mammals.
A Correct. Parallel structures make clear that the tubes in mammals are being contrasted with the tubes in birds.
B The faulty parallelism results in a sentence that is confusing and unnecessarily wordy.
C The sentence compares mammals and birds’ ubes.
D Because of faulty parallelism, this sentence also compares mammals and tubes in birds.
E This structure is wordy and confusing because of faulty parallelism.
Th e correct answer is A.
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