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11月9日更新GMAT阅读机经(六).

刚刚更新 编辑: 浏览次数:205 移动端

  以下是2011年10-11月的GMAT阅读机经更新,更新日期从10月27日起至11月9日,目前共65题。澳际留学祝大家GMAT考试顺利!

  各位一定要注意这可是原文哦~~)

  Despite the growing availability and acceptance of electronic payment instruments—such as credit cards, debit cards, and automated clearinghouse (ACH) payments—by far the most popular noncash payment instrument used in the United States is the paper check. In 1995, approximately 80 percent of all noncash transactions were made by check (Bank for International Settlements, forthcoming). Furthermore, although use of electronic instruments has grown in the past several years, check use has grown as well: between 1987 and 1993, the average annual number of payments per capita increased by 26 payments for electronic instruments, but by 31 payments for checks (Humphrey, Pulley, and Vesala, forthcoming). Clearly, individuals and businesses are not rapidly shifting away from checks to electronic instruments.

  The popularity of checks persists even though checks cost society more to produce and process than do electronic instruments. According to standard economic theory, that may be a sign that the market for payment instruments is not working properly. In general, in an ficient market, when competing goods are available and one costs societymore, the prices of the goods will reflect the relative costs of the resources used to produce them, and the cheaper good will be substituted for the more expensive. In this way, society uses its resources to produce only the particular goods it wants in the particular amounts it wants. In other words, resources are used ficiently. When use does not shift to the cheaper good, either the goods are not close substitutes or the market has failed, and there is a potential role for a public authority to attempt to correct the failure.

  Market failure is a commonly accepted view of what’s happened in the market for payment instruments. According to this view, the users of checks are the check writers. And for those individuals and businesses, the private cost, or price, of using checks has been distorted by the value of check float, or the time between the writing and clearing of a check. During that time, of course, the funds can earn interest for the check writer rather than for the check receiver. The size of this benefit is thought to have reduced the price of check use below the cost to society of producing and processing checks. Since individuals and businesses

  don’t face that higher social cost, they continue to use checks despite the existence of other means of payment that are less costly to society. In short, checks are overused.

  第四段文字:by: yali9777 可供参考,已确认!

  That view is suspect even if the data still supported it, though. The view seems to assume that only the agent on one side of a transaction—the check writer—recognizes and takes advantage of the value of float. That assumption doesn’t correspond with expected rational behavior. Since float is a transfer payment from the check receiver to the check writer, with no allocative fects overall, rational agents are likely to negotiate a mutually benicial distribution of any significant value of float.7 And, in fact, this type of negotiation is common for large payments between businesses, for which the value of float is potentially large. In practice, many business-to-business payments contractually stipulate payment transaction terms that internalize the fects of float.

  考古 beatG 待确认

  V1

  四大段。我感觉有两屏。是说check的事情。虽然现在技术发达啊什么的,但是paper check还是主要被美国人应用。后面见了新老观点对比。有道主旨题。看见之后我异常的冷静,因为当时已然还剩20分钟了,急也没用么,我只读了第一段和每段的首句,还是读懂了大概,然后看题带进去找了细节,3道细节题,其中很多无关选项的,稳住了,相信自己的能力。

  V2

  还有个支票的使用,说都有信用卡了,很多人还是喜欢用支票,有人认为支票造成market failure 。 提到了一个概念: check float 意思是写支票和兑换的时间差, 写支票的人靠这个时间差获得利益,收支票的现在也明白了这个利益,所以会在谈生意时和对反谈这个问题 (我写的这些都是有题的!)

  V3

  主题:支票 最长的一篇,四段。

  第一段:虽然其他流通方式越来越多,支票仍然占据主要地位。

  第二段:其实这种现象是不正常的。因为支票的社会成本(生产成本,流通成本)比其他方式高。根据一种理论,有竞争的产品,如果其成本很高,会被其他成本低的产品取代。但支票却不是这样。

  第三段:解释:古老理论认为是市场失败。由于开支票的人能够从支票的流通中获利(从支票开出到兑现的时间差可以产生利息)使得他们支付的成本被降低。另外,开支票者不需要直接支付社会成本(有题),所以仍然使用支票。

  第四段:反对上述理论。认为这种利息很小,可以忽略。另外,上述理论家假设只有开支票方知道利用这种利息,而实际上,如果这种收益足够大的话,接受支票的一方也会通过谈判要求共盈(有题)。

相关链接

1.11月9日更新GMAT阅读机经(五)

2.11月9日更新GMAT阅读机经(四)

3.11月9日更新GMAT阅读机经(三)

想要获得更多咨询服务点击进入 >>>>有问题?找免费的澳际专家咨询! 或联系QQ客服: ,也可以通过在线咨询处留言,把您最关心的问题告诉我们。

  

  V4

  私人支票(personal cheque)的。

  第一段说,信用卡电子卡什么的很方便,不用刷卡的人花钱买,社会生产花费(social production cost)低。私人支票要印,这样社会生产花费(social production cost高,又要开支票的人花钱买,为什么私人支票还是那么流行呢?

  第二段介绍说经济学中有个理论就是,在正常的市场下,如果一个东西比另一个东西便宜,便宜的那个会取代贵的那个。如果取代这件事情没发生,那么就是market failure。个人支票没被电子卡取缔就是个market failure。

  第三段说旧的理论观点认为,大家认为个人支票还流行的原因就是因为买支票的时间比用完一本支票的时间短(买就一瞬间的事情,用完一本支票要好久)。还说了一个inflator还是inflation的东西,忘了。虽然私人支票的社会生产花费高,但是个人使用私人支票的花费因为那个inflation/inflator会降低。这样个人使用私人支票的花费小于社会生产花费,所以大家还在继续用私人支票。

  第四段说有一种新观点要反驳旧观点,因为实际上那个inflator/inflation现在已经没有那么大的影响力了。而且私人支票的benit只有写支票的(cheque writer)能得到。所以在很多商业往来中,如果inflator/inflation高,收支票的(cheque receiver)会和写支票的讨价还价,希望也能享受到私人支票的benit。

  V5

  3. 讲美国支票的问题,寂静里面已经很清楚了,这里补充一些。

  第一段大概就是讲米国支票用得很普遍,大概占了大家80%用来付帐得业务量,虽然其他的业务,比如电子帐务等在增长,支票还是占很重要作用。

  第二段讲了一些关于经济学上的东东,说支票这个东西还要耗费一些社会成本。而经济学规律上来说,一些便宜的东东会取代那些有成本的,如果没有,比如支票这个事情,它没有被没有成本的电子帐务和信用卡等东西取代,那就说明这是一个Market failure.

  第三段讲了一个老观点,就是说支票为什么没被取代,是因为支票签发到兑现会产生一个check float,能给使用支票的人带来好处。而且好像因为某种原因(记不清楚了)支票的使用只带来社会成本,而不会给支票使用者带来成本,所以他们一直用,尽管这违背市场规律。(此处有题目)

  然后作者对这种这种观点提出了质疑,说因为科技进步还是啥子的,支票现在从签发到兑现的时间已经很快了,产生的这种check float利益很小。而且就算这个利益很大的时候(比如大笔钱的支票),支票接受方也会考虑这个利益,通过谈判来分享这个利益。(此处有题目)

  这里补充几个题目

  1) 作者提到了现在因为科技的进步,支票的签发与兑现很快了,是为什么

  有两个纠结一点的选项,我选了B

  A. 是为了说明支票从签发到兑现的时间缩短了

  B. 是为了说明支票从开出到兑现产生的float的经济效益没用这么大了

  2) 对那些支持第三段中老观点的人来说,以下哪个选项是正确的

  我选了这个:

  因为某种原因(记不清楚了)支票的使用只带来社会成本,而不会给支票使用者带来成本,所以他们一直用

  3) 从这个文章可以infer出支票接受者对支票产生的check float的态度?

  我选了这个:

  支票接受者会通过谈判来保护自身的利益(也就是要求分享check float)

  4) 这篇文章的主旨是什么

  我选了这个:

  解释了为什么支票一直还在使用的几个原因

  回忆起最后篇文章,添加于此,

相关链接

1.11月9日更新GMAT阅读机经(五)

2.11月9日更新GMAT阅读机经(四)

3.11月9日更新GMAT阅读机经(三)

想要获得更多咨询服务点击进入 >>>>有问题?找免费的澳际专家咨询! 或联系QQ客服: ,也可以通过在线咨询处留言,把您最关心的问题告诉我们。

  

  变体

  V1 【by: echojungle 750】

  它的变体是这样的,在原来已经解释并成功得出结论的前提上,多加了一段,大意是这样的。

  人们越来越发现上述的那个关于market失效的理论是只得怀疑的。因为兑现支票的人也不笨啊,也是理性人,所以他们也会和写支票的人一样,尽肯能地榨取最大利益。因此实际上有的私人和公司。。。。。(这就是个例子)。(然后就结尾了,所以我觉得这个变体还不成熟,但是确实是太长了,几乎都有两屏了,所以GMAC也可能没好意思再加个结论或者争论啥的)

  这里呢,就导致整个出题的分布点和答案出现的变化,有以下变化。

  首先是,考了一个,旧观点是什么?我选的是旧观点是市场失灵。

  然后问,文章的意思暗指收支票的人怎么样?我选的是收支票的人和写支票的人都要榨取最大价值。

  最后,问这篇文章的主旨,请注意,原答案,“陈述一个事件背后的原因”是基于未变体的,现在加了这一段,逻辑和主旨有所改变,我选的是,evaluate一个事件背后原因,其他的不太靠谱

  V2 【by: pureme831216 770】11.16

  最后一段和JJ里参考的文章有出入,大意是反驳上面的观点,认为现在float其实没有这么大影响,原因是1:现在支票处理更有效率 2 利率下降

  题目:

  1. 最后一段说支票处理更有效率是作者假设:减少了支票收与付的时间 (确定为正确选项,因为float的金额由时间和利率两个因素决定,这里就是第一个因素)

  2 作者会认同哪个观点?(题目大致就是这个意思)选E:当flate 金额比较大时,receiver会采取措施来减少自己的损失

  3 传统理论认同哪点:writer 不需要直接承担支票带来的社会成本。

  4. 文章的主旨:

  答案忘记了,好像是驳斥传统看法(思路是文章前面是说支票的使用带来了float, 而且writer不需要面对这些成本。最后一段驳斥,说float 的影响现在已经没有这么大了,而且receiver会协商,含义就是传统的解释支票继续大量使用的原因是不正确的)个人认为“解释支票为什么继续使用的原因”这个选项不太对。相关链接

1.11月9日更新GMAT阅读机经(五)

2.11月9日更新GMAT阅读机经(四)

3.11月9日更新GMAT阅读机经(三)

想要获得更多咨询服务点击进入 >>>>有问题?找免费的澳际专家咨询! 或联系QQ客服: ,也可以通过在线咨询处留言,把您最关心的问题告诉我们。

11月9日更新GMAT阅读机经(六)GMAT机经GMAT机经

  以下是2011年10-11月的GMAT阅读机经更新,更新日期从10月27日起至11月9日,目前共65题。澳际留学祝大家GMAT考试顺利!

  各位一定要注意这可是原文哦~~)

  Despite the growing availability and acceptance of electronic payment instruments—such as credit cards, debit cards, and automated clearinghouse (ACH) payments—by far the most popular noncash payment instrument used in the United States is the paper check. In 1995, approximately 80 percent of all noncash transactions were made by check (Bank for International Settlements, forthcoming). Furthermore, although use of electronic instruments has grown in the past several years, check use has grown as well: between 1987 and 1993, the average annual number of payments per capita increased by 26 payments for electronic instruments, but by 31 payments for checks (Humphrey, Pulley, and Vesala, forthcoming). Clearly, individuals and businesses are not rapidly shifting away from checks to electronic instruments.

  The popularity of checks persists even though checks cost society more to produce and process than do electronic instruments. According to standard economic theory, that may be a sign that the market for payment instruments is not working properly. In general, in an ficient market, when competing goods are available and one costs societymore, the prices of the goods will reflect the relative costs of the resources used to produce them, and the cheaper good will be substituted for the more expensive. In this way, society uses its resources to produce only the particular goods it wants in the particular amounts it wants. In other words, resources are used ficiently. When use does not shift to the cheaper good, either the goods are not close substitutes or the market has failed, and there is a potential role for a public authority to attempt to correct the failure.

  Market failure is a commonly accepted view of what’s happened in the market for payment instruments. According to this view, the users of checks are the check writers. And for those individuals and businesses, the private cost, or price, of using checks has been distorted by the value of check float, or the time between the writing and clearing of a check. During that time, of course, the funds can earn interest for the check writer rather than for the check receiver. The size of this benefit is thought to have reduced the price of check use below the cost to society of producing and processing checks. Since individuals and businesses

  don’t face that higher social cost, they continue to use checks despite the existence of other means of payment that are less costly to society. In short, checks are overused.

  第四段文字:by: yali9777 可供参考,已确认!

  That view is suspect even if the data still supported it, though. The view seems to assume that only the agent on one side of a transaction—the check writer—recognizes and takes advantage of the value of float. That assumption doesn’t correspond with expected rational behavior. Since float is a transfer payment from the check receiver to the check writer, with no allocative fects overall, rational agents are likely to negotiate a mutually benicial distribution of any significant value of float.7 And, in fact, this type of negotiation is common for large payments between businesses, for which the value of float is potentially large. In practice, many business-to-business payments contractually stipulate payment transaction terms that internalize the fects of float.

  考古 beatG 待确认

  V1

  四大段。我感觉有两屏。是说check的事情。虽然现在技术发达啊什么的,但是paper check还是主要被美国人应用。后面见了新老观点对比。有道主旨题。看见之后我异常的冷静,因为当时已然还剩20分钟了,急也没用么,我只读了第一段和每段的首句,还是读懂了大概,然后看题带进去找了细节,3道细节题,其中很多无关选项的,稳住了,相信自己的能力。

  V2

  还有个支票的使用,说都有信用卡了,很多人还是喜欢用支票,有人认为支票造成market failure 。 提到了一个概念: check float 意思是写支票和兑换的时间差, 写支票的人靠这个时间差获得利益,收支票的现在也明白了这个利益,所以会在谈生意时和对反谈这个问题 (我写的这些都是有题的!)

  V3

  主题:支票 最长的一篇,四段。

  第一段:虽然其他流通方式越来越多,支票仍然占据主要地位。

  第二段:其实这种现象是不正常的。因为支票的社会成本(生产成本,流通成本)比其他方式高。根据一种理论,有竞争的产品,如果其成本很高,会被其他成本低的产品取代。但支票却不是这样。

  第三段:解释:古老理论认为是市场失败。由于开支票的人能够从支票的流通中获利(从支票开出到兑现的时间差可以产生利息)使得他们支付的成本被降低。另外,开支票者不需要直接支付社会成本(有题),所以仍然使用支票。

  第四段:反对上述理论。认为这种利息很小,可以忽略。另外,上述理论家假设只有开支票方知道利用这种利息,而实际上,如果这种收益足够大的话,接受支票的一方也会通过谈判要求共盈(有题)。

相关链接

1.11月9日更新GMAT阅读机经(五)

2.11月9日更新GMAT阅读机经(四)

3.11月9日更新GMAT阅读机经(三)

想要获得更多咨询服务点击进入 >>>>有问题?找免费的澳际专家咨询! 或联系QQ客服: ,也可以通过在线咨询处留言,把您最关心的问题告诉我们。

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