GMAT阅读机经整理：语言与佛教文献.

　　1月4日GMAT机经已换，现在为大家整理的最新的1月GMAT阅读机经，这一篇是语言与佛教文献的文章，分享给大家，希望对大家有所帮助，文中观点仅供参考。

　　文章思路：提出假说——假说在这几年的研究——证据的情况——假说成立

　　P1. 开头段：Through somestunning finds over the last decade, researchers studying early Buddhistmanuscripts here at the University of Washington and at the British Library areconfirming a longstanding hypothesis that anancient tradition of Buddhist literature existed in Gandhari, a dialect ofPrakrit, an early Indic language that developed from Sanskrit. They areconfident that that canon may soon take its place next to the four other greattraditions of Buddhist texts: the living traditions of Pali, Chinese, and Tibetan,and the ancient, fragmentary one of Sanskrit.

　　通过十几年间令人震惊的发现，华盛顿大学和大英图书馆研究早期佛教书稿的研究人员证实了一个长期存在的假说，古代传统佛教文献使用梵文中的一种古代方言Gandhari。研究人员对于这种经文会很快与其他四种其他佛教文献齐名展现出了自信：这四种文献包括传统的Pali语，中文和藏文以及古老的残存的一种梵文。

　　P2. Although no other substantial Gandhari manuscript had cometo light, Mr. Salomon was among a handful of researchers who studied thelanguage, from the Brough edition, from secular documents in a relatedlanguage, and from inscriptions on pots, coins, and archaeological ruins. Mr.Salomon specialized in those arcane inscriptions, which are in Kharosthi, ascript based on the Aramaic alphabet.

　　尽管没有其他的实质性的Gandhari书稿重见天日，Mr. Salomon 是屈指可数的几位研究这种语言的学者，研究材料来源于Brough的版本、现世的一种相关语言的文件以及罐子钱币和考古遗迹中的文字。Mr. Salomon 专攻这些难解的文字，这些叫做Kharosthi的文字是基于Aramaic 字母所创造的。

　　P3. In 1994,an anonymous donorhad given the library 29 fragile and fragments of manuscript on birch-barkrolls. “Paper and vellum are like cast iron by comparison,” says Mr. Shaw. “Thesheer fact that any kinds of manuscripts on this material have survived is amiracle.”

　　在1994年的时候，一个匿名捐赠者赠送给大英图书馆29个写在桦树皮上的书稿碎片。“相比而言，使用纸和牛皮纸的书稿更像是铁，容易保存”Mr. Shaw说，“而这个在桦树皮上的不容置疑的证据能够保留到今天简直是一个奇迹”

　　P4. Gandhara was the seat of a series of powerful dynasties from the third century BC to the fourth century AD. Well-known from abundant archaeological remains, it was a crossroads of cultural influences from India, the West, China, and East Asia, and a melting pot of Greeks, descendants of Scythian invaders from the North, and many others. Archaeological remains and other evidence show that it was also an important center of Buddhism.

　　Gandhara是处于公元前三世纪到公园四世纪时期的一个强大的王朝。以大量的考古学遗留出名，Gandhana是印度，西方，中国和东亚，以及来自北方的古希腊侵略者和其他文化的交汇点。考古学遗留和其他证据表明，这个地方也是一个重要的佛教文化中心

　　Interlinear notations such as “copied” indicate thatthe manuscripts were discarded ones that had been replaced by freshly madeones.Apparently, says Mr. Salomon, the monasteries hadwell-organized scriptoriums and large libraries even at that early stage.

　　写在行间的符号，比如“copied”，表明这个书稿曾经被丢弃并被一个新制作的文献给代替了。显然，Mr. Salomon说，这些修道院即使在那么早的年代也合理的建立了写字间和大型图书馆

　　P5. 结尾段：That leads him and his colleagues to believe that the texts have enormoussignificance because they support the “Gandhari hypothesis” that Mr. Brough andsome other scholars long ago proposed: that some early Chinese translations ofBuddhist texts were prepared from Gandhari rather than Sanskrit originals.

　　这些让Mr. Salomon和他的同事们相信这些文字有重要的作用因为他们支持了Mr. Brough和其他学者在多年以前提出来的”Gandhari 假说”：一些早期的中文佛教文献翻译相比于说是从Sanskrit翻译过来的不如说是从Gandhari翻译而来。

　　此G友留言：“文言文翻译要信达雅，英文也是一样……楼主水平只能做到信和达，雅说不上，有NN能够翻译出更好的段落麻烦发给我，我可以贴在整理里与大家共享”

　　Question

　　Q1. 那个crossroads那句好像是infer了?

　　Q2. 为什么提到G这个地方是当时的交通文化枢纽?

　　【备选答案】说明佛教受到了中国和西方的影响

　　Q3. 针对匿名人士的捐赠考了一道题

　　Q4. highlight copied，问为什么要打引号的作用?

　　【备选答案】the manuscripts were discarded ones that had been replaced byfreshly made ones

　　【备选答案】Gandhari的佛经是中国古代的佛经翻译过去的(其实是中文的是从G语言翻译过来的，反了)

　　【备选答案】G语言的佛经是已经作废的佛经的替代品新版本(其实是G语言的已作废了，也反了)

　　Q5. The way that Buddhist tradition was transmitted. "Oral transmission had been the prerred or normal way -- memorization, recitation, and so forth,"这句话有考题

　　Q6. What can be inferred from interliner notations

　　【备选答案】这个地方当时应该有大量的手稿复制品之类

　　在这篇关于语言与佛教文献的GMAT阅读机经，给出了文章的主旨，篇章结构，段落大意以及相关题目，考生可以有选择的看看，最后祝大家都能考出好成绩。