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10月GMAT阅读机经:音乐发展史.

刚刚更新 编辑: 浏览次数:40 移动端

  10月长假过后,就迎来了GMAT机经换库的日子,10月GMAT机经换库了,现在就由小编来为大家整理十月份的GMAT阅读机经整理,下面是关于GMAT阅读机经的相关问题,希望对大家有所帮助。

  原始

  [原始1] 阅读还有个讲音乐发展的…一开始是freely的,比如Mozart,后来变成改编原有的,比如B什么的人,再后来又变成统一标准的,比如Ca什么的人。后面一段大意是有一批人对那些统一风格的做法有意见,觉得这样有怎么怎么的影响,然后现在的人对此对音乐的发展有何评价。

  [原始2]

  P1:cadenza的介绍,是一首曲子末尾的部分,可以由歌唱家后面自由发挥,improvise,提到了 莫扎特是这个cadenza的顶峰 贝多芬保持了下去却也几乎扼杀了它,因为贝多芬让演奏者按照他写的演奏,没法自由发挥。

  P2:有个人研究这个东西,找资料,发现很早以前基本上大家对于cadenza都是自由发挥,没有两个是相同的,但是有一个叫做caruso的人,类似这样写吧- -唱过一段cadenza以后,后面很多人模仿。

  P3:Cadenza的advocates的意见。

  问题: 为何提到caruso

  还有advocates会同意以下哪一个观点。。。其他的忘了,我选的是Cadenza会赋予risk和surprise..

  链接:www.aoji.cn

  [原始3] 750

  C是一种在乐章结束前,作曲家留给performer随意发挥(improvise)的段落。C的传统在莫扎特达到顶峰,在贝多芬终结(death of a tradition).

  一段研究,举了一个例子,某人C演唱的版本,被200个后人中的196个模仿,可见后人已经不太倾向于随意发挥了。

  最后一段,某个以随意发挥知名的performer发表评论,表示音乐就应该让人take risk,这样才有激情。所以应该恢复C的传统。

  这篇文章的难点就是:除了音乐术语C以外,还有好几个人名都是C打头的,而且有一个细节题还考人名,问哪些人是以随意发挥知名的performer?列举了全文的所有人名,我瞬时眼花了@@

  [原始4]

  讲音乐的。提到了莫扎特、贝多芬,是介绍一种新的音乐形式,还提到一个名字很怪的音乐家做了一首曲子,这个曲子影响很深远,对这种音乐体裁带来了全新的变化。

  考古

  [考古1]

  V1:by jk60

  2.即兴创作,有贝多芬等人。

  V2:by 好吃的草莓

  在讲大脑活动之前有一段讲了有个叫C的人,在他之前有两种创作,一种……令一种……但是都不是两种同时。然后有个科学家还是历史学家去考证,说本来是即兴创作的挺好的但是因为C作了一个什么什么事,在C之后到现在的那么多年里的变体只有4种。所以C结束了cadenza。

  V3:by 林佑希

  问作者认为哪些人对Cadenza有做出贡献。选项是贝多芬、莫扎特、第二段提到的把Cadenza标准化的那个C、第二段之出现了一次貌似没什么作用的D和最后一段特别推崇Cadenza的一个人(忘记姓啥了),楼主貌似选的莫扎特和那个C。。。还有一道题是问第二段为什么要提到C,选项无关的很容易辨别出,就有一个有点混淆,是说为了强调后面有很多都record那个曲子啥的,楼主选的是有standard的一个选项。发现和JJ里大家的题目不一样,所以到时候遇到这篇文章大家小心变体哦!

  V4:by 易儿北

  第一段说这种音乐的不同之处在于它在最后的部分通常要求表演者自由发挥什么的。莫扎特推动了这种体裁的发展,贝多芬也做出了贡献,但更多的是毁了这种音乐,比如他的皇帝钢琴协奏曲。

  第二段:WC这个学者进行了一些研究(类似与想知道表演者会怎样表现这种音乐体裁之类)。首先音乐家D得到了人们的推崇,之后音乐家C使自己的表演方式变成了几乎是这种音乐的标准范式。但WC认为,这反而意味这这种音乐的传统形式的死亡。

  第三段出现了一个现代音乐家。他貌似认为canzona这种音乐应该更自由的表达,能够suprise观众(后面不记得了??)

  Q1:问C的作用?

  Q2:问那个科学家还是历史学家会同意哪种关于cadenza以下那种说法?

  考古

  p1讲Cadenza这种音乐形式, 说很多音乐家在他们的乐谱后面都加一段类似freestyle的东西,这样可以给演奏者一个发挥的空间来表达他们自己的感情,莫扎特把它发挥到peak,但是贝多芬帮着扼杀了这个自由,所有之后的人都只能按他原来的演奏,没有变化。

  p2后来就有人比较18世纪和20世纪某个作品的唱片,然后发现18世纪的时候,大部分的人演奏都不同,因为C的音乐形式。但是有个叫C的人跟贝多芬似的,也扼杀了这种创造自由,还举了个数字说只有4个人在C的基础上自由改变的。

  p3进一步深化主题, 讲了一个神马improvisation. 关键字,研究认为 人的脑袋分为一部分是用来 DECISION MAKING 一部分用来LANGUAGE某某(上文提到的一个音乐家)说 音乐的INNOVATION需要.......(有考题:不好意思,真忘了..类似于CRITICAL THINKING 的吧)

  Q1:(v48大牛)有一道题就问下列选项中哪些名人玩过C音乐形式, 选的好像是Mozart和Caruza

  Q2:此处ms有道题问提到莫扎特和贝多芬的作用?

  Q3: Beethoven对Cadenza的发展起到什么作用(反对?kill it?因为贝多芬他不喜欢加这种形式文中好像说他要求演奏时候按照他写的notion还是什么的演奏)所以我就选的好像是他会把自己的作品写固定的notion

  Q4:问第二段中提到的C什么的那个人(我也没搞清楚是不是个人…)是为了什么…

  Q5:最后一段第一句话中提到的那种人可能赞成什么观点

  Q6:第二段的主旨

  Q7:传统的Candeza的支持者的观点,提倡即兴表演

  Q8:问那个科学家还是历史学家会同意哪种关于cadenza以下那种说法

  Q9:(V40)最后一段 即兴音乐有啥作用 选了surprise那个

  参考文献

  第一段貌似不重要The art of embellishment—improvising cadenzas, adding ornaments, taking other opportunities for creativity in performance—is a hot topic in classical music these days. For generations, conservatories preached absolute fidelity to the score: do what the composer wrote and nothing more. The problem is that the scores of prior eras can leave quite a bit to the performer’s imagination, and the earlier the piece the sparser the notation. Modern musicians specializing in the Renaissance and the Baroque have led the way in looking beyond the printed page: the great viol player Jordi Savall improvises heavily in his appearances with Hespèrion XXI, and Richard Egarr, in a new recording of Handel’s organ concertos, responds imaginatively to passages marked “ad libitum.” The notion of adding unwritten material to Classical and Romantic works is more outré, especially in instrumental music, but it is gaining ground. At this summer’s Mostly Mozart Festival, both the pianist Robert Levin and the violinist Joshua Bell presented their own cadenzas, giving spark to what might have been routine events.

  第二段开始就相似了Cadenzas sprang up in the early eighteenth century, when composers began indicating bri episodes where the performer should play freely, delaying a final cadence. They appeared not only in opera but also in instrumental pieces, especially in the closing sections of concerto movements. Musicians had been embellishing the score for centuries, and perhaps the cadenza was a way of bringing improvisation under control, corralling it. Mozart, as composer and pianist, brought the practice to its peak; one of his contemporaries stated that cadenzas should be dreamlike in their logic, expressing “ordered disorder,” and Mozart’s playing evidently had that quality. (He wrote out cadenzas for many of his concertos, so his performances may not always have been spontaneous.) Beethoven carried on the tradition—the darkly rumbling cadenza that he devised for Mozart’s D-minor Piano Concerto is a fascinating case of one composer meditating on another—but he also helped to kill it. In the first movement of the “Emperor” Concerto, the soloist is told not to make a cadenza but to play “the following”—a fully notated solo. Performers gradually stopped working out their own cadenzas, instead turning to a repertory of written-out versions. Opera singers retained more freedom, especially when it came to interpolating bravura high notes, but they, too, grew more cautious. Improvisation became the province of church organists and avant-gardists, the latter often taking inspiration from jazz.

  Classical advocates of the practice believe that it is not only historically valid but intellectually enlivening. For a recent paper in NeuroImage, Aaron Berkowitz and Daniel Ansari studied what happens cognitively when someone improvises; they observed increased activity in two zones of the brain, one connected to decision-making and the other to language. Even if a soloist extemporizes for only a minute, the remainder of the performance may gain something intangible. Levin, the Harvard-based musician who for decades has been the chi guru of classical improvisation, believes that performances need to cultivate risk and surprise. Otherwise, he says, music becomes “gymnastics with the affectation of emotional content”—a phrase that sums up uncomfortably large tracts of modern music-making.

  以上就是关于GMAT机经的全部内容,考生朋友可以有选择的看看,最后需要提醒各位的是,GMAT机经虽然会对我们解题有所帮助,但是在考场中即使题目很像也要避免秒选,最后祝大家都能考出好成绩。

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