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关于南极地区的臭氧层变化对气候的影响,提到一个什么winds,然后说到南极圈臭氧黑洞在近几年的逐步恢复过程中,对全球的气候会造成一些影响(提到说南美洲会变湿润,这里第一题就问这个,然后澳大利亚会变干燥。题目是说假设黑洞恢复,会对全球经济的至少正面的一些影响,我选的是说墨西哥一些干燥少雨的地方会受益。剩下的题记不清了)。
考古&补充材料:(确认)
1.2.1 臭氧空间 By huiwazi
V1
刚想到有篇月度,就是说臭氧层空洞,文章前面说臭氧层空洞会晒伤,但是最主要的是说空洞和大气之间的作用力会导致风的改变,从而导致南澳洲的天气变化。
V2 by tompry 760
关于臭氧层空洞的,分两段,不长,第一段大致介绍了南极圈上的臭氧层的基本概况。记得有一道题要选择臭氧的浓度在不同季节不同
第二段讲的是空洞进一步扩大会造成的后果。这里有到选择题,我选的是澳大利亚的人会担心变干的天气会造成火灾。
V2
是臭氧层的
第一段有说臭氧层里的某个物质在springtime里low,吸收的紫外线少,所以温度低(这个觉得挺奇怪的)
第二段里面说这个臭氧层破坏的影响然后又说科学家发现臭氧层在recovery,接着预测full recovery之后的影响,澳大利亚会变干,南美会变湿,对南半球的风有影响(促进还是减弱忘了),南极洲也会受到影响,这里有except题,
V3
ozone的,在artantic(拼的不对)上空,不同季节厚度不一样,吸收紫外线防晒伤。还有影响澳大利亚,变得更干燥。。
v4
还有一个关于臭氧空洞的。
第一段开始说臭氧的作用是吸收一个什么东西的放射,就防止了皮肤癌。然后说了每当澳大利亚的春季就是9月到12月的时候臭氧一般都比较稀薄,这里有题,问正常情况下臭氧的特点,我选的就是这个,每个季节臭氧量是不一样的。
第二段说现在臭氧层越来越小了,然后产生了一系列的后果,有一个后果是change the weather patterns,比如澳大利亚变干了,非洲某个地方潮湿了,这里也有题,挺简单的不记得了。。。反正就是哪的气候变了之类的。
然后还有一个问题是如果现在政府非常严格的保护臭氧层,会有哪些影响,我记得我选的是那些澳大利亚的农民不用再担心干旱的危害了。
V5
一篇是ozone layer 对Antalantic 气候的影响。
V6
第一段说北极臭氧层吸收紫外线,有个空洞,而且说在春节臭氧密度会不一样,难后说有一个赤道北极风之类的,会使得北极的气温下降(大概也下降,也可能上升,不记得了),
第二段说赤道北极风会影响什么什么的天气,但现在北极的臭氧层洞在被填补,于是那个赤道北极风减少了,而加强了另一个什么什么风的,会使得北极的气候转变(第一段如果是下降的话,就是上升,反之亦然)。使得澳大利亚,南美变得干旱
好像记得有一道题目说如果臭氧层洞继续被填补的话,那么谁会得到利益
5个选项记得三个,顺序忘了
美国或者出口粮食给墨西哥的商人 我就选的这个吧
关注澳大利亚森林野火和火灾的人
南美研究气象的气象学家
还有一个好像是研究北极温度的人。
V7
臭氧那个 完全不一样 1 考的什么为什么说臭氧层和那个太阳的辐射相互作用 定位第一段第一句
2 那个什么风的特征神马的 定位第一段末尾和第二段开头
3 不记得了
V8
臭氧的那个寂静里有点不准确,臭氧层的修复导致了澳大利亚干燥,南美湿润。
V9 by fatdudu 640
臭氧层。很确定。P1说的是臭氧层空洞--温室效应全球变热,皮肤癌多--但是南极却相反变冷--南极与其它地区温差加大--CIRCUM风大。臭氧层恢复--C风小,S风大--气候PATENT变化:南美湿润,澳大利亚变干(最后一题问谁会受益于臭氧层恢复。肯定不选澳洲担心火灾得人。选的是原来南美缺少雨的农民)这篇大家一定要看狗里给的英文参考文章,重点全说到了。
V10 by clowncish0625 740
Q1:选臭氧层的浓度在不同季节不同
Q2:有exept题的样子
Q3:好像是问那个对的还是什么(也可能是臭氧空洞恢复,会有什影响还是什么的),原文里说到如果臭氧变厚,即臭氧空洞恢复,一个地区会变湿润
答案D选项说了那个地区缺雨,最后一单词是rainfall,就选那个
V11 by mingda 770
第一段开始说臭氧的作用是吸收太阳辐射,就防止了皮肤癌。然后说了每当澳大利亚的春季(那里的春季和我们北半球这里的是反过来的)就是9月到12月的时候臭氧一般都比较稀薄(这里有题,问正常情况下臭氧的特点,我选的就是这个,每个季节臭氧量是不一样的(正解))。因为臭氧稀薄了所以吸收的紫外线比较少,臭氧层所吸收的热量就比较小,因此往往就会比较寒冷。这会导致一个极地风盛行,妨碍其他的风的活动,比如温带的暖湿气流就到不了极地了。
第二段说科学家发现臭氧层在recovery,也就是臭氧层空洞由于大自然自动调节以及人类氟化物排放的减少在修复。造成的一系列后果是对上面一段取非:臭氧厚了,吸收的紫外线多了,天气就热了,极地风被抑制,其他风来了。接着预测full recovery之后的影响,澳大利亚会变干,南美会变湿,对南半球的风有影响(促进还是减弱忘了),南极洲也会受到影响(有一个问题问的是full recovery 以后谁会得意,答案是南美洲那些饱受旱灾困扰的农民)
V12 by weizhui1208 770
jj超级全 基本都考到了
有考如果空洞继续填补,最大受益者是谁丫。Lz选的南美洲那些以前被干旱折磨的农民(因为原文说了南美会变wet嘛)
有考如果空洞急需填补,会发生except。lz选的B还是C来着,反正带“humidity”那个选项,其他原文都有吧,当时细细看了的
V13 by 取巧 740
第一段介绍臭氧的作用(不重要),然后是臭氧的一个变化,引起一种wind盛行。
第二段是说这种现象的影响。(有题,问第二段的作用,我选的是第二段是对第一段提出的现象的进一步解释,反正选有 explain 这个词的就对了)
但是有一道题,问的是如果臭氧恢复了,会有什么影响,要求选except 定位第二段。我在A和B当中犹豫半天。因为A中有一个什么大陆,B 改变了降水 我最后还是拿不准。因为文章说的 澳大利亚变干了,南美变干了。
有同学google到一定背景知识,大家可以参考下
A full recovery of the stratospheric ozone hole could modify climate change in the Southern Hemisphere and even amplify Antarctic warming, according to scientists from the University of Colorado at Boulder, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA.
While Earth&aposs average surface temperatures have been increasing, the interior of Antarctica has exhibited a unique cooling trend during the austral summer and fall caused by ozone depletion, said Judith Perlwitz of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, a joint institute of CU-Boulder and NOAA. "If the successful control of ozone-depleting substances allows for a full recovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica, we may finally see the interior of Antarctica begin to warm with the rest of the world," Perlwitz said.
Perlwitz is lead author of a new study on the subject to be published April 26 in Geophysical Research Letters. Co-authors include Steven Pawson and Eric Nielson of NASA&aposs Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., and Ryan Fogt and William Nf of NOAA&aposs Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder. The study was supported by NASA&aposs Modeling and Analysis Program.
The authors used a NASA supercomputer model that included interactions between the climate and stratospheric ozone chemistry to examine how changes in the ozone hole influence climate and weather near Earth&aposs surface, said Perlwitz.
The study authors calculated that when stratospheric ozone levels return to near pre-1969 levels by the end of the 21st century, large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns now shielding the Antarctic interior from warmer air masses to the north will begin to break down during the austral summer. The circulation patterns are collectively known as a positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode, or SAM.
The scientists found that as ozone levels recover, the lower stratosphere over the polar region will absorb more harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. This could cause air temperatures roughly 6 to 12 miles above Earth&aposs surface to rise by as much as 16 degrees Fahrenheit, reducing the strong north-south temperature gradient that currently favors the positive phase of SAM, said the research team.
The supercomputer modeling fort also indicated that ozone hole recovery would weaken the intense westerly winds that currently whip around Antarctica and block air masses from crossing into the continent&aposs interior. As a result, Antarctica would no longer be isolated from the warming patterns affecting the rest of the world.
NASA&aposs Pawson said ozone recovery over Antarctica would essentially reverse summertime climate and atmospheric circulation changes that have been caused by the presence of the ozone hole. "It appears that ozone-induced climate change occurred quickly, over 20 to 30 years, in response to the rapid onset of the ozone hole," he said. "These seasonal changes will decay more slowly than they built up, since it takes longer to cleanse the stratosphere of ozone-depleting gases than it took for them to build up."
The seasonal shift in large-scale circulation patterns could have repercussions for Australia and South America as well. Other studies have shown that the positive phase of SAM is associated with cooler temperatures over much of Australia and increased rainfall over Australia&aposs southeast coastline.
During late spring and early summer, the positive phase of SAM also is associated with drier conditions in South America&aposs productive agricultural areas like Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay, said Perlwitz. If ozone recovery induces a shift away from a positive SAM, Australia could experience warmer and drier conditions while South America could get wetter, she said.
But just how influential a full stratospheric ozone recovery will be on Southern Hemisphere climate largely depends on the future rate of greenhouse gas emissions, according to the GRL authors. Projected increases in human-emitted greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide will be the main driver for strengthening the positive phase of SAM.
"In running our model simulations, we assumed that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide would double over the next 40 years and then slowly level off," said Perlwitz. "If human activities cause more rapid increases in greenhouse gases, or if we continue to produce these gases for a longer period of time, then the positive SAM may dominate year-round and dwarf any climatic fects caused by ozone recovery."
NASA&aposs High-End Computing Program provided the Columbia supercomputer resources at the NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif.
以上就是关于GMAT机经的全部内容,考生朋友可以有选择的看看,最后需要提醒各位的是,GMAT机经虽然会对我们解题有所帮助,但是在考场中即使题目很像也要避免秒选,最后祝大家都能考出好成绩。
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