12月GMAT阅读机经:乌鸦是否有逻辑思维能力.

　　贪恋被子的你看着外面的呼啸大风是否不禁打了个寒颤呢?澳际小编就在这寒冬中为大家吹来一股GMAT机经的暖风，为大家分享关于乌鸦是否有逻辑思维能力的机经，希望大家能感受到这股暖意，并把它化为能量，在GMAT考试的道路上勇往直前。

　　版本1

　　第一段：科学家做了一个试验(就类似大猩猩搬箱子摘香蕉)发现一些raven可以一次获得食物，剩下的可以通过一次次的努力，而且每次努力去掉了前面的error. 而且野生的raven在平常是没有类似的训练或者经历的。

　　第二段：而且raven的这类试验不像其他动物行为实验室，每步成功给奖励——只有最后成功才有奖励。但有人反驳，说每次成功可能raven更接近食物。但是作者不同意他们的观点

　　第三段：第二个试验中，科学家把奖励用一种random的形式出现，发现raven的行为less logical，还有一些解释，所以驳斥了上面人的反驳。

　　版本2

　　raven(好像是这个)试验

　　第一段说的是科学家做试验，为了验证一种假设，把食物吊在放在R动物面前，它会尝试很多次去吃到它，科学家觉得这是通过失败分析得到的

　　第二段有科学家提出反论，说第一段分析不正确，不过作者马上说这个反论不可靠，有问题

　　第三段说科学家又做了个试验，虽然比第一个试验难不了多少，不过R的表现差很多，说明原来的假设值得进一步的研究

　　问题：

　　1) 如果猴子也被拿来在试验室里做同样试验，它会怎么表现?

　　2) 说明第二段作用的，我选的是提供一个解释，这个应该是对的，文章主流方向还是肯定最开始结论的

　　版本3

　　verbal 阅读有个关于raven behavior的好像在哪里见过

　　大概意思就是做了2个实验来说明raven behavior是否有逻辑什么的。

　　版本4 (JJ主人720)

　　第二篇说解释一个实验的结果关于动物是否logic thinking.有三个意见,一段一个,可惜第二第三个意见我没有看通了,明明在说相互矛盾,最后来了个预期相反(5题)

　　版本5

　　乌鸦的逻辑思维能力.文章长,一定要小心.

　　开始讲科学家通过试验,发现乌鸦能够通过一系列复杂的行为(这部分内容很复杂,但是对于做题根本没有用,总之知道乌鸦这个行为表明了它能够逻辑思考就行)来获取一个精心设计放置的肉类.这个表明了他们用逻辑思维能力.

　　第二段就讲很多动物在试验中也可以一步一步的来获取复杂放置的食物.但是他们都是通过不断试错(这里有一道题)和研究人员在这个过程中每一步的食物鼓励做到的,这个并不能说明这些小动物有逻辑思维能力.当然,有一种针对乌鸦试验的反驳观点认为乌鸦是在那个复杂行为中每一步发现肉更近了来获得精神激励,(这里有道细节题,为反驳的观点是什么)不说明他们能逻辑思考.作者反驳了这种观点,提出一个有点复杂的理由.(总之知道作者不赞同就行了)

　　解释:这里的意思是,因为乌鸦在那个复杂的行为中,每做一步就会发现肉离它更近了一点,所以受到了精神上面的鼓励,所以才会这么一步一步做下去.如果这个解释成立的话,那么乌鸦就和那些在实验室中被研究人员一步一步用食物鼓励的小动物的行为没有差别了.那么这就说明了乌鸦没有逻辑思维能力,只是一种觅食本能的反应. 这种解释就被用来反驳文章第一段中研究人员认为乌鸦有逻辑思维能力的推论.作者认为这个解释是不合理的,提出了一堆比较复杂的理由,认为这个反驳是不成立的.

　　第三段,后来研究人员又做了一个类似第一段的试验,发现乌鸦并不具备逻辑思维能力.因此,文章的结论是乌鸦是否具备逻辑思维能力还不确定.

　　这篇阅读在11月的JJ上面有一篇参考的英文报道,非常有用,介绍的就是这个复杂的试验.看那篇报道对于理解这个试验很有帮助.但是一定要注意.JJ上面那篇参考文章的观点是乌鸦有逻辑思维能力,这篇考试文章的观点是乌鸦有没有逻辑思维能力还不确定.

　　其他细节题都在上面我提示了,有一个推理题要注意:讲猴子怎样的行为才能说明它有逻辑思维能力.这个需要理解全文才能作.原来没有见过这个题型,所以记忆深刻.我选的E.就是猴子通过一系列复杂的行为来获取水果.比较确定.其他选项很迷惑,但是仔细分析都是文章中用来说明乌鸦没有逻辑思维能力的理由,所以不能证明猴子有逻辑思维能力.

　　版本6

　　730 51 V37

　　阅读一篇是乌鸦Logical thinking 问最后一段作用 我选排除第一段的巧合的可能

　　版本7

　　遇到了JJ里的raven题。

　　出了第一段的main idea 题。还有两道关于第二段的implication题。

　　附文章：

　　Clever raven proves that it&aposs no birdbrain

　　Logic and puzzle-solving come naturally to highly intelligent scavenger, claim biologists

　　by Robin McKie, science editor

　　guardian.co.uk, Sunday April 29 2007 00.13 BST

　　The Observer, Sunday April 29 2007

　　Article history

　　Scientists have revealed an unexpected candidate for the title of the world&aposs second smartest creature - the raven. According to a pair of researchers, a bird brain is no longer a sign of stupidity; indeed, it could be a sign of surprising intelligence.

　　In the latest issue of Scientific American, Bernd Heinrich and Thomas Bugnyar - scientists based at Vermont University in Canada and St Andrews University in Scotland, respectively - reveal a series of experiments that provides startling backing for the idea that ravens are the brainboxes of the natural world. &aposThese birds use logic to solve problems and some of their abilities even surpass those of the great apes,&apos they say.

　　One startling experiment they outline involved ravens who were allowed to sit on perches from which pieces of meat dangled from string. To get a treat, a raven had to perform a complex series of actions: pull up some of the string, place a loop on the perch and hold it with a claw, then pull up another section of string and hold that loop on the perch. By repeating this process half a dozen times, a raven could reach the end of the string and get the meat.

　　&aposSome animals can be taught how to get food this way,&apos Heinrich said. &aposHowever, I found ravens could perform this complex sequence of actions straight away. I was extremely surprised the first time I saw one of them do this. These birds have never seen string bore or encountered meat hanging this way, yet they worked out exactly what they needed to do to get a treat.&apos

　　Many animals, birds and insects are capable of carrying out complex actions: nest-building, for example. However, such creatures are programmed genetically to undertake the different steps involved in such behaviour. Little intelligence is involved. By contrast, ravens have demonstrated that they can work out complex sets of actions, involving no tests or trial and error. This implies that they use logic. &aposThe birds acted as if they knew what they were doing,&apos the two researchers say in Scientific American. &aposRavens have the ability to test actions in their minds. That capacity is probably lacking, or present only to a limited extent, in most animals.&apos

　　Other experiments by biologists have shown that ravens often let other animals do work for them. In the wild, they have been known to make calls that bring wolves and foxes to dead animals so that these large carnivores can break the carcass apart, making meat accessible to the birds. Birds related to the raven also show surprising intelligence. The New Caledonian crow has been shown to fashion tools of leaves and to use them to extract grubs from crevices in trees, for example.

　　Scientists such as Heinrich and Bugnyar believe that ravens evolved their surprisingly high intelligence because of their complex social lives and scavenging lifestyles.

　　The birds have to be able to assess very quickly how close to a wolf or fox they can get when one is eating a dead animal: they need to get close enough to get food, but not be attacked themselves.However, Heinrich cautioned against stating unequivocally that the raven is the cleverest animal on Earth after humans. &aposIt is up there with the great apes and dolphins,&apos he said, &aposbut I think it is very difficult to say which is cleverer. There are different types of intelligence. I am good at biology but hopeless using computers, for example. Nevertheless, it is now clear the raven is one of the very smartest creatures we know about.&apos

　　以上就是关于GMAT机经的全部内容，考生朋友可以有选择的看看，最后需要提醒各位的是，GMAT机经虽然会对我们解题有所帮助，但是在考场中即使题目很像也要避免秒选，最后祝大家都能考出好成绩。