gre写作素材汇总及写作指导.

　　被精简之后再精简的issue材料，都是我考g时候总结出的最后背诵版，分两个部分：一个是分类的重要词条;另一个是一些短小的例子资料部分来源于孙远，还有其他一些下载的资料的综合，基本上够用了。分类如下：

　　一. 教育类

　　1 教育的目的和作用：Transmitting democratic values; create equality of opportunity; preparing new generations of citizens in society.

　　2 教育之生活技能：

　　Logical thinking; analysis; creative problem solving; synthesis; oral communication; writing communication; interpersonal; leadership

　　3 道德教育

　　Honesty; fairness; self-discipline; fidelity to task, friends and family; personal responsibility; love of a country; beli in the principles of liberty; equality and freedom to practice one’s faith

　　4 人文教育

　　an ability to synthesize and relate; to weigh cause and fect; to see events in perspective; how to read, write and think; speak intelligently; get along with others; conceptualize problems

　　5 填鸭教育

　　二. 科技类

　　1 带来landfill: outdated devices, discarded chemicals, plastic packaging

　　2 带来out of work: automation contribute to out of work; the development of computers and transistors and the accompanying trend toward miniaturization

　　3 坏处：automobile exhausts, pesticides such as DDT threaten the food chain, mineral wastes pollute reservoirs of groundwater

　　4 好处：telecomuniting: because of the side fect relatively inferior, improve productivity, develop quantity management, reduce labor resourculness

　　5 双面性：as medicine both have side fect; however, people could not reject to receive them with more benits

　　6 事例：国防军备，基因治疗疾病，机器人的工业用途，全球化;事业，个人隐私，伦理，社会不平等，文化落后，文化殖民，温室效应，饮水质量数量，灌溉用水，工业用水，发电，渔业，化学泄漏，核泄漏导致死亡，疾病

　　三. 竞争类

　　1 竞争的好处：in business: 电脑更先进，通讯更发达，价格更低;其他：挑战人类极限，促进学习，使社会民主

　　2 合作的好处：例子如篮球，建筑，修路;坏处：失去竞争;过度：合作垄??政府operate以免失去competition

　　3 合作竞争：co-opetition, a combination of cooperation and competition, is the delicate balance of cooperation and competition.

　　四. 社会问题

　　1贫穷：由产于物产见得conflict，class discrimination and unequal opportunities, the social welfare system and affirmative action.

　　2 种族歧视：power and wealth 分不均造成的：个人自由，公民自由，权威的滥用;经济机会，社会活动，文盲，失业，无家可归，疾病。种族纯优化，种族隔离，制度不平等

　　3 反社会问题：犯罪，暴力，drugs, criminal justice system, 家庭不稳定，家庭暴力，学业不好，媒体影响，离婚

　　4 性别歧视：工作地方，职业，工资，教育

　　5 医疗健康问题：器官移植，基因治疗，安乐死化学潜在的危害、治病，消除饥饿

　　6 能源问题：污染—health risks, acid rain ,global warming, renewable

　　五 政治类

　　1 目的：产生，保持，扩大wealth, prosperity influence

　　2 道德与政治的异同:

　　similarity: regulate or direct human behavior, 程度不同

　　二者界限模糊，取决于社会矛盾，政治目标，道德可以政治化，政治可以道德化

　　六.丑闻

　　Franklin Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, Lyndon Thomson and John Kennedy had extramarital affairs. Thomas Jferson, many

　　believe, fathered children, by one of his slaves. And Grover Cleveland confessed to having an illigitionate child.

　　七.企业文化的重要性：

　　1 Leader 作道德榜样，让员工更忠心，以企业为荣

　　2 是吸引和留住人才的因素，建设文化组织让员工自我实现

　　3 对CEO要求：建设文化，鼓励负责的行为，解除劳动潜力

　　4 好的企业文化：保证稳定以致，更让人尊敬，信任，不建立信任将被所有人拒绝

　　八.历史类

　　1 Lesson of courage, diligence, 积极抗争

　　2 预测未来：像过去学习，不要觉得好笑或有澳际感，而要理解人们想象和梦想明天的动机。这有个很好的名人名言：Machiavelli, an Italian philosopher, wrote: “whoever wishes to foresee the future must consult the past, for human events ever resemble those of preceding times.”

　　3 预测模式：根据过去发生的事与将来相似的过去因素对未来的影响，延续历史

　　九.艺术类

　　可能这类事很多人最惧怕的，但是我看了下面这篇文章之后就很想考到的是艺术类，文章来自于《澳际英语》(不好意思，那本书暂时找不到了，等找到不上来。)

　　以上的字眼有完整的小段，建议可以参照下面的写法，不要背诵，毕竟那不是自己的东西。

　　The purpose of education is to transmit democratic values, create equality of opportunity, and prepare new generation of citizens in society.

　　Everyone should be taught life skills as analysis, logical thinking, synthesis, and creative problem solving rather than just knowledge which are more important for people to survive freely in the complex and rapid change.

　　We should want all students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love their country, and beli in the principles of liberty, equality and the freedom to practice one’s faith.

　　To study history and classics is to teach students the ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and fect, to see events in perspective

　　Liberal art teaches you how to think, write, and speak intelligently, get along with others, and conceptualize problems.

　　Students are being so stuffed indigestible mass of material that they have no time to draw on his own resources,"to use their own minds for analyzing and synthesizing and evaluating this material

　　Art is a kind of release of individual lust, converting the human libido into plentiful creativity. It is through the "work of art that artists can express their passions, emotions, and desires. Art is concerning with the inner world rather than with the outside one as a whole.

　　Beethoven, one of the greatest composers and musicians, was renowned by creating many symphonies. Astonishingly, he produced his most famous symphony, chorus with complete deafness. How could he manage it? It not only has to be the prominent imagination that stimulate him to struggle and thrive, thus can even listen in spite of no hearings, but more important, determines his keen interest in music.

　　Monet, throughout his lifetime, always obtained no acclaim and reward and suffered in poverty however, he, finally, gain the respect of everyone. Nowadays, people understand his impressive painting sunrise and affirm its value.

　　Art also can rlect problems and phenomenon of a society. Take van Gogh as an example. The painting, one of his most famous works called potato eaters rlect the misery and poverty of humanity as he saw it among the miners in Belgium

　　Automation trade-off technological advancement has both positive fects which enhance production ficiency and quality control, reduce the need to have workers perform potentially dangerous tasks and negative fects such as landfills with outdated devices, discarded chemicals, and plastic packaging, make many jobs unnecessary so that put employees out of work or force them to retrain.

　　The complex and rapidly developed society encourage competition so that in many aspects, people can gain several benits. In business, for the sake of survival in competition, companies must continue to improve the quality of services and products, and as a result, the entire society prospers, at least economically.

　　By the development of technology, during the past decades, all of good things happen because of only competition, including a computer shrinking in size, increasing in power, reducing in price, and a rapid expansion of telecommunications networking in a declining price.

　　The Olympic Game is a form of competition break up records to challenge human limits, gotten along with each other country to improve friendship and peace

　　Competition can not make everyone win challenges as a win-win situation. On the other word, cooperation is the only driving force that will make every participant a winner. In this super-modern world, tasks are more complex and there are more specialists. In an orchestra, in the office, in the school, in the lab to study, in the creation of a film, and on many jobs, we know that we have to work in teams.

　　Poverty is an outcome of longstanding conflict between haves and have-nots and a structural arrangement of inequality, thus, the poverty is perpetuated through class discrimination and unequal opportunities for upward mobility. Indeed, the modern society has strived to improve people’s lives by establishing the social welfare system and performing some other affirmative actions.

　　Imbalances in the distribution of power-the loss of personal freedoms and civil liberties, and abuses of authority lead people to dissatisfy.

　　Imbalance in the distribution of wealth—the loss of economic opportunity and social mobility, the creation of a permanent underclass, and conditions of illiteracy, unemployment, homelessness, hunger, and disease contribute people to crime.

　　Racial discrimination such as racial purity or superiority, stereotyping and labeling, physical and social segregation, institutionalized inequality need to be eliminated through global education which gathers students who come from different countries together to learn the same courses in which teachers instruct students fairness, honesty, love the world and every committees, fidelity to tasks, friends and ….

　　Family problems: family instability, divorce and child custody, spouse and child abuse, gender issues, gay and lesbian families, reproductive technology, adoption, and abortion.

　　Gene problems: the bioethics of transplants, genetic screening, gene therapies. Genetic engineering can be used to many aspects of human life better such as reduce the amount of potentially dangerous chemical substances, cure diseases at the DNA level, and improve the possibility of ending worldwide poverty and starvation.

　　Pollution not only affects human beings’ lives but also destroy the environment in which many other specials live. Chemical leak kill several people. Pose health risks and contribute to acid rain and global warming.

　　A politician’s job is to build, maintain, and expand the wealth, prosperity and political influence of his nation; district, county, state or what have you.

　　Both morality and politics (law) serve to regulate or direct human behavior. They differ, however, in the strength of their regulation and demand different, though related, personal qualities.

　　The boundaries between morality and politics are very flexible. In some periods particular relations can be regulated by moral mechanisms, which in some other periods are ruled by political ones. the interaction between morality and politics depends on the particular social contradictions and objective possibilities of achieving class, state and national goals by acting in accordance with, or neglecting, respective moral values and norms.

　　When the political theory, ideology and practice come into sharp contradiction with the morality of the people, they lose ficacy and in the end are doomed to failure. Therore, every political theory, ideology and practice seeks moral justification and arguments in order to be accepted by the masses.

　　Leaders need to establish an organization culture and are responsible for reputation management of their companies, governments and groups. As role models of values-based leadership, they can win loyalty and superior performance of their employees. The organization culture as the distinctive competitive factor will be the ability to attract and retain the most talented people and obtain personal fulfillment.

　　History as a mirror is used to represent a study of the past—a study not only of great heroes of history who successfully worked through moral dilemmas, but also of many ordinary people who provided lessons in courage, diligence, or constructive protest.

　　Machiavelli, an Italian philosopher wrote: “whoever wishes to foresee the future must consult the past; for human events ever resemble those of preceding times.”

　　以下就是一些例子：

　　1 交叉学科的例子(一个网友写了给我的)：

　　In 1994, John Nash, the renowned mathematician in 20th century, shared the Nobel Prize with two co-winners who were also mathematicians. However, they were awarded in Economic Sciences rather than their own academic field-mathematics. Nash’s work on game theory, including the Nash equilibrium and the Nash arbitration scheme has allowed researchers to better understand problems of competition and cooperation among agents or players. His and his co-winners’ finding had a phenomenal impact on economic analysis and appreciations in many other fields including in political science, biology, ecology, etc.

　　2 学术丑闻：

　　Hwang woo-suk, the former professor of Seoul National University in Korea, made headlines last year when he unveiled the first cloned human embryo. The work marked the start of what many scientists believed would be a revolution. However, not very sooner, Hwang was forced to admit that he had lied. Not only did he use eggs donated by his female staff, but also fabricated cell lines and concocted DNA tests. This incident has sent shock waves around the scientific world, and the ethics of scientists was also raised upon the table.

　　被精简之后再精简的issue材料，都是我考g时候总结出的最后背诵版，分两个部分：一个是分类的重要词条;另一个是一些短小的例子资料部分来源于孙远，还有其他一些下载的资料的综合，基本上够用了。分类如下：

　　一. 教育类

　　1 教育的目的和作用：Transmitting democratic values; create equality of opportunity; preparing new generations of citizens in society.

　　2 教育之生活技能：

　　Logical thinking; analysis; creative problem solving; synthesis; oral communication; writing communication; interpersonal; leadership

　　3 道德教育

　　Honesty; fairness; self-discipline; fidelity to task, friends and family; personal responsibility; love of a country; beli in the principles of liberty; equality and freedom to practice one’s faith

　　4 人文教育

　　an ability to synthesize and relate; to weigh cause and fect; to see events in perspective; how to read, write and think; speak intelligently; get along with others; conceptualize problems

　　5 填鸭教育

　　二. 科技类

　　1 带来landfill: outdated devices, discarded chemicals, plastic packaging

　　2 带来out of work: automation contribute to out of work; the development of computers and transistors and the accompanying trend toward miniaturization

　　3 坏处：automobile exhausts, pesticides such as DDT threaten the food chain, mineral wastes pollute reservoirs of groundwater

　　4 好处：telecomuniting: because of the side fect relatively inferior, improve productivity, develop quantity management, reduce labor resourculness

　　5 双面性：as medicine both have side fect; however, people could not reject to receive them with more benits

　　6 事例：国防军备，基因治疗疾病，机器人的工业用途，全球化;事业，个人隐私，伦理，社会不平等，文化落后，文化殖民，温室效应，饮水质量数量，灌溉用水，工业用水，发电，渔业，化学泄漏，核泄漏导致死亡，疾病

　　三. 竞争类

　　1 竞争的好处：in business: 电脑更先进，通讯更发达，价格更低;其他：挑战人类极限，促进学习，使社会民主

　　2 合作的好处：例子如篮球，建筑，修路;坏处：失去竞争;过度：合作垄??政府operate以免失去competition

　　3 合作竞争：co-opetition, a combination of cooperation and competition, is the delicate balance of cooperation and competition.

　　四. 社会问题

　　1贫穷：由产于物产见得conflict，class discrimination and unequal opportunities, the social welfare system and affirmative action.

　　2 种族歧视：power and wealth 分不均造成的：个人自由，公民自由，权威的滥用;经济机会，社会活动，文盲，失业，无家可归，疾病。种族纯优化，种族隔离，制度不平等

　　3 反社会问题：犯罪，暴力，drugs, criminal justice system, 家庭不稳定，家庭暴力，学业不好，媒体影响，离婚

　　4 性别歧视：工作地方，职业，工资，教育

　　5 医疗健康问题：器官移植，基因治疗，安乐死化学潜在的危害、治病，消除饥饿

　　6 能源问题：污染—health risks, acid rain ,global warming, renewable

　　五 政治类

　　1 目的：产生，保持，扩大wealth, prosperity influence

　　2 道德与政治的异同:

　　similarity: regulate or direct human behavior, 程度不同

　　二者界限模糊，取决于社会矛盾，政治目标，道德可以政治化，政治可以道德化

　　六.丑闻

　　Franklin Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, Lyndon Thomson and John Kennedy had extramarital affairs. Thomas Jferson, many

　　believe, fathered children, by one of his slaves. And Grover Cleveland confessed to having an illigitionate child.

　　七.企业文化的重要性：

　　1 Leader 作道德榜样，让员工更忠心，以企业为荣

　　2 是吸引和留住人才的因素，建设文化组织让员工自我实现

　　3 对CEO要求：建设文化，鼓励负责的行为，解除劳动潜力

　　4 好的企业文化：保证稳定以致，更让人尊敬，信任，不建立信任将被所有人拒绝

　　八.历史类

　　1 Lesson of courage, diligence, 积极抗争

　　2 预测未来：像过去学习，不要觉得好笑或有澳际感，而要理解人们想象和梦想明天的动机。这有个很好的名人名言：Machiavelli, an Italian philosopher, wrote: “whoever wishes to foresee the future must consult the past, for human events ever resemble those of preceding times.”

　　3 预测模式：根据过去发生的事与将来相似的过去因素对未来的影响，延续历史

　　九.艺术类

　　可能这类事很多人最惧怕的，但是我看了下面这篇文章之后就很想考到的是艺术类，文章来自于《澳际英语》(不好意思，那本书暂时找不到了，等找到不上来。)

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