雅思写作考试过程中的连贯性.

　　连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在有机的联系;反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。

　　1) 意连

　　段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。

　　a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in-groups importance)

　　Ifyou work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill inexpressing yourself to be fective. If you work on a machine, your ability toexpress yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one stepup from the bottom, your fectiveness depends on your ability to reach othersthrough the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is frommanual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the moreimportant it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing orspeaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is thegovernment, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneselfis perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.

　　这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从"not need much skill"或"of little importance"到"more important", 最后是"most important"。

　　b. 由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)

　　If areader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been carul enoughto keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms.Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his waythrough the verbiage, simply doesn&apost know what it means. Perhaps a sentence hasbeen so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of severalways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns inmid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who istalking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A ---- thewriter, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide themissing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by nottaking the trouble to look it up. He may think that "sanguine" and"sanguinary" mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody bigone. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.

　　这一段谈的是a writer&aposs carelessness, 先给出一个general statement作为主题句，然后通过5个"perhaps"加以例证。

　　c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)

　　I donot understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I hadseveral years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, aquiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keepher distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as tobeg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyesclosed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand,loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. Heexpected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him doanything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends insome way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television,across stranger&aposs feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. Thedifference between them is imperceptible to strangers.

　　本段的主题句是段首句，它仅提出一个问题：为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较，末句才下结论。

　　2) 形连

　　行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语：

　　Walter&apossgoal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to getthrough high school, so he concentrated all his forts on his studies --- inparticular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on thesesubjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that heneeded to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result,during his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin.Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable tograduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step towardrealizing his goal.

　　本文中承上启下的词语有两种，一种是转换词语(transitional words or phrases)，另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有：first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however,besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally; 后者依次是：he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he,these, his。本段共有105个词汇，所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个，约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见，掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流畅(smoothness)有益，而且对于学生在规定时间内写足所要求的字数也是不无好处的。

　　一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了，下面我们看一个例子：

　　Speakingand writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing useswritten symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language isa recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speechis usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal.Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciationand accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling systemprevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture,loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness andthe rise and fall of the voice. Carul speakers and writers are aware of thedifferences.

　　本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的"It"之外，没有使用其他的过渡词语。这样，文中出现许多重复的词语，全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话，这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落：

　　Speakingand writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, onthe other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 yearsago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about sixthousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice ofwriting, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation andaccent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring becausea standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speechrelies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writinglacks these features. Carul speakers and writers are aware of the differences.

　　4. 有损连贯性的几种情况

　　考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误：

　　1) 不必要的改变时态，比如：

　　Inthe movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he foundeverybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes ruge with JulieChristie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they comeafter him anyway.

　　2) 不必要的改变单复数，比如：

　　Everybodylooks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks onlypleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and lifewill catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfactionin work and in relationships.

　　3) 不必要的改变人称，比如：

　　Nowmore than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children&aposs activitiesbecause modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You needto arrange family like it so that family members will do things together andknow one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own andrealize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness andtherore sponsor knowledge.

　　因此写作中，一定要注意时态，人称以及数的变化是否正确，要注意保持一致