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2017年8月11日雅思A类阅读机经.

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　　下面是2012年8月11日雅思阅读机经的内容，包括了这次考试涉及到的有El Ni�o Phenomenon, HISTORY OF CARS 和Amusia等非常流行的阅读话题。为了更好的备考雅思阅读考试，我们一起来看看这三篇雅思阅读考题的内容吧。

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考试日期：	2012年8月11日
Reading Passage 1
Title:	El Ni�o Phenomenon厄尔尼诺
Question types:	TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN Summary 填空
文章内容回顾	关于厄尔尼诺现象的介绍以及它产生的影响
英文原文阅读	The term El Ni�o—Spanish for "the Christ Child"—was originally used by fishermen to rer to the Pacific Ocean warm currents near the coasts of Peru and Ecuador that appeared periodically around Christmas time and lasted for a few months. Due to those currents, fish were much less abundant than usual. At the present time we use the same name for the large-scale warming of surface waters of the Pacific Ocean every 3-6 years, which usually lasts for 9-12 months, but may continue for up to 18 months, and dramatically affects the weather worldwide. El Ni�o events happen irregularly. Their strength is estimated in surface atmospheric pressure anomalies and anomalies of land and sea surface temperatures. The El Ni�o phenomenon dramatically affects the weather in many parts of the world. It is therore important to predict its appearance. Various climate models, seasonal forecasting models, ocean-atmosphere coupled models, and statistical models attempt to predict El Ni�o as a part of interannual climate variability. Predicting El Ni�o has been possible only since the 1980s, when the power of computers became sufficient to cover very complicated large-scale ocean-atmosphere interactions. El Ni�o&aposs Impact The strongest El Ni�o events of the 20th century occurred in 1982-&apos83 and in1997-&apos98. The fects of 1982-&apos83 included significant storms throughout the southwest United States and one of Australia&aposs worst droughts of the century. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the 1997-&apos98 El Ni�o was a major factor in 1997s record high temperatures. The estimated average surface temperature for land and sea worldwide was0.8�Fhigher than the 1961-1990 average of61.7�F. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 1998 has set all-time highs of global land and ocean surface temperatures, above record high levels in 1997. In 1998 the mean temperature was1.2�F(0.7�C) above the long-term (since 1880) mean of56.9�F(13.8�C). The impact of the 1997/8 El Ni�o has been felt in many parts of the world: Droughts have occurred in the Western Pacific Islands and Indonesia as well as in Mexico and Central America. In Indonesia drought caused uncontrollable forest fires and floods, while warm weather led to a bad fisheries season in Peru, and extreme rainfall and mud slides in southern California. Corals in the Pacific Ocean were bleached by warmer than average water, and shipping through the Panama Canal was restricted by below-average rainfall. El Ni�o phenomena dramatically affect the weather throughout the world. Among other weather anomalies, El Ni�o events are responsible for: A shift of thunderstorm activity eastward from Indonesia to the south Pacific, which leads to abnormally dry conditions and severe droughts during both warm and cold seasons in Australia, the Philippines, Indonesia, southeastern Africa and Brazil. During the summer season the Indian monsoon is less intensive than normal and therore it is much less rainy than usual in India. Much wetter conditions at the west coast of tropical South America. El Ni�o impacts on the United States, North America and the Atlantic regions include: Wetter than the normal conditions in tropical latitudes of North America, from Texas to Florida, including more intensive wintertime storms. Extreme rainfall and flooding events in California, Oregon and Washington. Much milder winters and late autumns in northwestern Canada and Alaska due to pumping of abnormally warm air by mid-latitude low pressure systems. Below normal hurricane/tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic (however, their strength is not limited by El Ni�o). Drier than normal North American monsoons, especially for Mexico, Arizona and New Mexico. Drier than normal autumns and winters in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Summary El Ni�o is a warm phase of the interannual climate oscillation called El Ni�o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, an example of large-scale ocean-atmosphere interaction, and is characterized by large-scale warming of the surface tropical Pacific Ocean. El Ni�o events occur every 3-6 years, last 9-12 months, sometimes even up to 18 months, and have a big impact on world weather. The major impacts of El Ni�o are temperature anomalies, changes in precipitation variability, floods and droughts throughout the world. El Ni�o events happen irregularly and are hard to predict. However many numerical climate models predicted the last few El Ni�o events successfully. El Ni�o forecasting is becoming more and more reliable with our improving knowledge of the phenomenon&aposs nature, with the help of more and more powerful computers, and with the operational El Ni�o Southern Oscillation observation system. El Ni�o forecasting is especially important for tropical countries where El Ni�o impacts are the strongest.
题型难度分析	据考生回忆，第一篇较简单。一种是填空类的题型，另一种是考生易拿分的经典题型判断题。
题型技巧分析	是非无判断题是雅思考试阅读的经典题型，虽然今年的题量相对减少，但是仍是复习备考时应关注的题型。首先应该注意看清是TRUE还是YES, 本篇是TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN 解题步骤： 1. 速读问题的句子，找出考点词（容易有问题的部分）。考点词：比较级，最高级，数据（时间），程度副词，特殊形容词，绝对化的词（only, most, each, any, every, the same as等）。 2. 排除考点词，在余下的词中找定位词，去原文定位。 3. 重点考察考点词是否有提及，是否正确。 TRUE的原则是同义替换，至少有一组近义词。 FALSE是题目和原文截然相反，不可共存，通常有至少一组反义词。 NOT GIVEN原文未提及，不做任何推断，尤其多考察题目的主语等名词在原文是否有提及。 Summary题，有顺序原则。先关注instruction字数限制其次，定位summary在原文的始末位置，summary开头和结尾分别找keywords定位到原文。根据空格前后信息，预测空格上的单词（单复数，可数与否，词性，-ing, -ed, 固定搭配等）在空格附近找定位词（专有名词，数字，句子主语，表示方位的介词，表时间的词，不认识的可数名词）
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习	剑4 Test1 Passage 1 剑5 Test3 Passage 1

Reading Passage 2
Title:	汽车的发展史
Question types:	Matching, 不同车型的信息简答题（6-7个）
文章内容回顾	这篇是讲汽车的发展历史，介绍了不同的车型。
英文原文阅读	HISTORY OF CARS The History of the Car has been a long and challenging one. In1678 asmall steam car was shown off that had been made for the Chinese emperor. It was the founding of the early history of the car. By 1769, Nicholas Cugnot was demonstrating an Automobile in France. By 1801, Richard Trevithick was demonstrating a steam-carriage in Britain. The Car continued its development in Britain until a law governing the use of cars basically stopped development for the rest of that century in Britain. In 1789, Oliver Evans was granted the first automobile patent in the United States. The first automobiles that had gasoline powered internal combustion engines were developed in Germany by several different inventors around the same time about 1885. By 1895, the disc brake was patented by Frederick William Lanchester of Britain. In 1889, Panhard et Levassor in France became the first company to form to build just automobiles. Steam, electricity, and gasoline-powered autos competed for the market share. The car was becoming big business in history. From 1908 to 1927, the Ford Model T became the most widely produced car of its time. The vintage era of Car History lasted from 1919 to 1929 and was dominated by front engine cars. The pre-war era of car history lasted from 1930 to 1948. This ear was perhaps dominated by the Volkswagen Beetle. The Post-War era of Car History was the greatest period of Car Development. Although Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769, this claim is disputed by some, who doubt Cugnot&aposs three-wheeler ever ran, while others claim Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built the first steam powered car around 1672. In either case Fran is Isaac de Rivaz, a Swiss inventor, designed the first internal combustion engine which was fuelled by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen and used it to develop the world&aposs first vehicle to run on such an engine. The design was not very successful, as was the case with Samuel Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir who each produced vehicles powered by clumsy internal combustion engines. In November 1881 French inventor Gustave Trouv demonstrated a working three-wheeled automobile. This was at the International Exhibition of Electricity in Paris. An automobile powered by an Otto gasoline engine was built in Mannheim, Germany by Karl Benz in 1885 and granted a patent in January of the following year under the auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie. which was founded in 1883. Although several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the problem at about the same time, Karl Benz is generally acknowledged as the inventor of the modern automobile. In 1879 Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle and in 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal combustion flat engine. Approximately 25 Benz vehicles were built and sold bore 1893, when his first four-wheeler was introduced. They were powered with four-stroke engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing Benz engines under license, now added the Benz automobile to his line of products. Because France was more open to the early automobiles, more were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in Germany. Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (Daimler Motor Company, DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890 and under the brand name, Daimler, sold their first automobile in 1892. By 1895 about 30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel Hermann, where they set up shop after falling out with their backers. Benz and Daimler seem to have been unaware of each other&aposs early work and worked independently. Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach designed a model named Daimler-Mercedes, special-ordered by Emil Jellinek. Two years later, a new model DMG automobile was produced and named Mercedes after the engine. Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a business of his own. Rights to the Daimler brand name were sold to other manufacturers. Karl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and Benz & Cie. when economic conditions began to deteriorate in Germany following the First World War, but the directors of DMG rused to consider it initially. Negotiations between the two companies resumed several years later and in 1924 they signed an Agreement of Mutual Interest valid until the year 2000. Both enterprises standardized design, production, purchasing, sales, and advertising marketing their automobile models jointly although keeping their respective brands. On June 28, 1926, Benz & Cie. and DMG finally merged as the Daimler-Benz company, baptizing all of its automobiles Mercedes Benz honoring the most important model of the DMG automobiles, the Maybach design later rerred to as the 1902 Mercedes-35hp, along with the Benz name. Karl Benz remained a member of the board of directors of Daimler-Benz until his death in 1929. In 1890, Emile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began producing vehicles with Daimler engines, and so laid the foundation of the motor industry in France. The first American car with a gasoline internal combustion engine supposedly was designed in 1877 by George Selden of Rochester, New York, who applied for a patent on an automobile in 1879. In Britain there had been several attempts to build steam cars with varying degrees of success with Thomas Rickett even attempting a production run in 1860. Santler from Malvern is recognized by the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first petrol-powered car in the country in 1894 followed by Frederick William Lanchester in 1895 but these were both one-offs. The first production vehicles came from the Daimler Motor Company, founded by Harry J. Lawson in 1896, and making their first cars in 1897. In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel got a patent for a "New Rational Combustion Engine". In 1897 he built the first Diesel Engine. In 1895, Selden was granted a United States patent (U.S. Patent 549,160) for a two-stroke automobile engine, which hindered more than encouraged development of autos in the United States. Steam, electric, and gasoline powered autos competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to compete with the conventional piston and crankshaft design, only Mazda&aposs version of the Wankel engine has had more than very limited success. Production of the Car: The large-scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable automobiles was debuted by Ransom Olds at his Oldsmobile factory in 1902. This concept was then greatly expanded by Henry Ford, beginning in 1914. As a result, Ford&aposs cars came off the line in fifteen minute intervals, much faster than previous methods, increasing production by seven to one (requiring 12.5 man-hours bore, 1 hour 33 minutes after), while using less manpower. It was so successful, paint became a bottleneck. Only Japan black would dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the variety of colors available bore 1914, until fast-drying Duco lacquer was developed in 1926. In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four months&apos pay. Ford&aposs complex safety procedures, especially assigning each worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam about dramatically reduced the rate of injury. The combination of high wages and high ficiency is called "Fordism," and was copied by most major industries. The ficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided with the take off of the United States. The assembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace with very repetitive motions which led to more output per worker while other countries were using less productive methods. In the automotive industry, its success was dominating, and quickly spread worldwide. Ford France and Ford Britain in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany 1925; in 1921, Citroen was the first native European manufacturer to adopt it. Soon, companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going broke; by 1930, 250 companies which did not had disappeared. Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to the hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world&aposs attention. Key developments included electric ignition and the electric self-starter (both by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac Motor Company in 1910-1911), independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes. Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced to meet market needs, so marketing plans have often heavily influenced automobile design. It was Alfred P. Sloan who established the idea of different makes of cars produced by one company, so buyers could "move up" as their fortunes improved. Rlecting the rapid pace of change, makes shared parts with one another so larger production volume resulted in lower costs for each price range. For example, in the 1930s, LaSalles, sold by Cadillac, used cheaper mechanical parts made by Oldsmobile; in the 1950s, Chevrolet shared hood, doors, roof, and windows with Pontiac; by the 1990s, corporate drivetrains and shared platforms (with interchangeable brakes, suspension, and other parts) were common. Even so, only major makers could afford high costs, and even companies with decades of production, such as Apperson, Cole, Dorris, Haynes, or Premier, could not manage: of some two hundred carmakers in existence in 1920, only 43 survived in 1930, and with the Great Depression, by 1940, only 17 of those were lt. In Europe, much the same would happen. Morris set up its production line at Cowley in 1924, and soon outsold Ford, while beginning in 1923 to follow Ford&aposs practise of vertical integration, buying Hotchkiss (engines), Wrigley (gearboxes), and Osberton (radiators), for instance, as well as competitors, such as Wolseley: in 1925, Morris had 41% of total British car production. Most British small-car assemblers, from Autocrat to Meteorite to Seabrook, to name only three, had gone under. Citroen did the same in France, coming to cars in 1919; between them and the cheap cars in reply, Renault&aposs 10CV and Peugeot&aposs 5CV, they produced 550000 cars in 1925, and Mors, Hurtu, and others could not compete. Germany&aposs first mass-manufactured car, the Opel 4PS Laubfrosch (Tree Frog), came off the line at Russelsheim in 1924, soon making Opel the top car builder in Germany, with 37.5% of the market. Diesel: Diesel engined cars have long been popular in Europe with the first models being introduced in the 1930s by Mercedes Benz and Citroen. The main benit of Diesels is a 50% fuel burn ficiency compared with 27% in the best gasoline engines. A down side of the diesel is the presence in the exhaust gases of fine soot particulates and manufacturers are now starting to fit filters to remove these. Many diesel powered cars can also run with little or no modifications on 100% biodiesel. Gasoline: Gasoline engines have the advantage over diesel in being lighter and able to work at higher rotational speeds and they are the usual choice for fitting in high performance sports cars. Continuous development of gasoline engines for over a hundred years has produced improvements in ficiency and reduced pollution. The carburetor was used on nearly all road car engines until the 1980s but it was long realised better control of the fuel/air mixture could be achieved with fuel injection. Indirect fuel injection was first used in aircraft engines from 1909, in racing car engines from the 1930s, and road cars from the late 1950s. Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) is now starting to appear in production vehicles such as the 2007 BMW MINI. Exhaust gases are also cleaned up by fitting a catalytic converter into the exhaust system. Clean air legislation in many of the car industries most important markets has made both catalysts and fuel injection virtually universal fittings. Most modern gasoline engines are also capable of running with up to 15% ethanol mixed into the gasoline - older vehicles may have seals and hoses that can be harmed by ethanol. With a small amount of redesign, gasoline-powered vehicles can run on ethanol concentrations as high as 85%. 100% ethanol is used in some parts of the world (such as Brazil), but vehicles must be started on pure gasoline and switched over to ethanol once the engine is running. Most gasoline engined cars can also run on LPG with the addition of an LPG tank for fuel storage and carburetion modifications to add an LPG mixer. LPG produces fewer toxic emissions and is a popular fuel for fork lift trucks that have to operate inside buildings. Ethanol: Ethanol and other alcohol fuels have widespread use an automotive fuel. Most alcohols have less energy per liter than gasoline and are usually blended with gasoline. Alcohols are used for a variety of reasons - to increase octane, to improve emissions and as an alternative to petroleum based fuel, since they can be made from agricultural crops. Brazil&aposs ethanol program provides about 20% of the nations automotive fuel needs, including several million cars that operate on pure ethanol. Electric Car： The first electric cars were built around 1832 well bore internal combustion powered cars appeared. For a period of time electrics were considered superior due to the silent nature of electric motors compared to the very loud noise of the gasoline engine. This advantage was removed with Hiram Percy Maxim&aposs invention of the muffler in 1897. Thereafter internal combustion powered cars had two critical advantages: 1) long range and 2) high specific energy (far lower weight of petrol fuel versus weight of batteries). The building of battery electric vehicles that could rival internal combustion models had to wait for the introduction of modern semiconductor controls and improved batteries. Because they can deliver a high torque at low revolutions electric cars do not require such a complex drive train and transmission as internal combustion powered cars. Some post-2000 electric car designs such as the Venturi Fish are able to accelerate from 0-60 mph(96 km/h) in 4.0 seconds with a top speed around130 mph(210 km/h). Others have a range of 250 miles (400 km) on the EPA highway cycle requiring 3-1/2 hours to completely charge. Steam car： Steam power, usually using an oil or gas heated boiler, was also in use until the 1930s but had the major disadvantage of being unable to power the car until boiler pressure was available. It has the advantage of being able to produce very low emissions as the combustion process can be carully controlled. Its disadvantages include poor heat ficiency and extensive requirements for electric auxiliaries.
题型难度分析	难度一般，内容好理解，题型也不是很难，第一种题型是一方是特殊定位词的配对，在文中相对好定位，第二种题型是简答题，不是特别难，但数量较多，有6-7个。
题型技巧分析	配对类题型是雅思阅读的一个特色题型之一。其难度相对较大，对考生能力要求相对较高。在目前的雅思考试当中，配对题已经占了非常大的比重，考生在复习的时候必须非常重视。配对类题型有很多种，常见的种类有：1. 人名-观点配对；2. 地名-描述配对；3. 句子-句子配对；4. 分类题(Classification)；5. 段落-标题配对；6. 段落-细节配对。其中前四种做题方法比较类似，而后两种相对较复杂。前四种配对题的出题特点： I. 所考内容全部为细节，和后两种题型考察主旨不一样，前四种题型主要考察的是考生对于文章细节的把握和理解。因此，这些题型的解题方法主要是先用Scan的方法定位出关键的段落。 II. 出题不一定遵循顺序原则，在对剑桥雅思真题集进行研究后发现，上述四种配对题型中，除了句子配对题肯定按照顺序原则出题之外，其它的题型有些是讲顺序原则的，有些则不讲。大体上说来，如果一道题目的定位词很明确，很容易在原文中找到信息，那么该题就讲顺序原则；反之亦然。 III. 个别题目会有NB出现。在部分题目的指令中，会有这么一行字：NB You may use any letter more than once. 这就意味着在选项中，有至少一个选项可以重复选。但是根据真题的出题思路和考生的实考回忆，一般认为如果出现NB, 很有可能是有且仅有一个选项重复使用一次，个别情况会出现两个选项使用两次；而从来没有三个选项使用两次或两个选项使用三次。对于一方是特殊定位词的配对题，在做题时，首先应先在文章中将特殊定位词—人名，地名，时间在文中划出，做出标记。其次将配对另一方通读，划出关键的词汇，一般以名词为主。然后去文中对已做出标记的部分进行精读，选出答案。
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习	剑3 Test4 Passage 1

Reading Passage 3
Title:	Amusia 失乐症
Question types:	单选题 Yes/No/Not Given Matching (sentence completion)
文章内容回顾	讲一种对音乐有先天疾病的人群，分析了这种人的典型特征。整篇文章在寻找Amusia产生的原因，各种人的各种实验，科学家还只是在猜测。
英文原文阅读	Amusia is a musical disorder that appears mainly as a dect in processing pitch, but it also encompasses musical memory and recognition. Two main classifications of amusia exist: acquired amusia, which occurs as a result of brain damage, and congenital amusia, which results from a music processing anomaly at birth. Studies have shown that congenital amusia is a dicit in fine-grained pitch discrimination and that 4% of the population suffers from this disorder. Acquired amusia, on the other hand, may take several forms. Patients with brain damage may experience the loss of ability to produce musical sounds while sparing speech, much like aphasics lose speech selectively but can sometimes still sing. Other forms of amusia may affect specific sub-processes of music processing. Current research has demonstrated between rhythm, melody and emotional processing of music, and amusia may include impairment Symptoms Symptoms of amusia are generally categorized as receptive, clinical, or mixed. Symptoms of receptive amusia, sometimes rerred to as "musical deafness", include the inability to recognize familiar melodies, the loss of ability to read musical notation, and the inability to detect wrong or out-of tune notes. Clinical, or expressive, symptoms include the loss of ability to sing, write musical notation, and/or play an instrument. A mixed disorder would be a combination of expressive and receptive impairment. Clinical symptoms of acquired amusia are much more variable than those of congenital amusia and are determined by the location and nature of the lesion. Brain injuries may afflict motor or expressive functioning, including the ability to sing, whistle, or hum a tune (oral-expressive amusia), the ability to play an instrument (instrumental amusia or musical apraxia), and the ability to write music (musical agraphia). Additionally, brain damage to the receptive dimension affects the faculty to discriminate tunes (receptive or sensorial amusia), the ability to read music (musical alessia), and the ability to identify songs that were familiar prior to the brain damage (amnesic amusia). Research suggests that patients with amusia also have difficulty when it comes to spatial processing. Amusics performed more quickly than normal individuals on a combined task of both spatial and musical processing tasks, which is most likely due to their dicit. Normal individuals experience interference due to their intact processing of both musical and spatial tasks, while amusics do not. Pitch processing normally depends on the cognitive mechanisms that are usually used to process spatial representations. Those with congenital amusia show impaired performance on discrimination, identification and imitation of sentences with intonational differences in pitch direction in their final word. This suggests that amusia can in subtle ways impair language processing.
题型难度分析	这篇文章较难懂，出现了很多关于大脑器官的词汇，进行了很多实验。题型中的第三个句子完成配对较难，难定位，同义转换较多。
题型技巧分析	选择题的做题步骤：一、阅读指令 (Instruction) 这一步骤主要是针对多项选择而言的。单项选择题的指令没有任何作用，可以忽略不看。而在多项选择题中，指令中会提示正确选项的数量。在誊写答题卡的时候，一定要注意多项选择题的题号，一个正确选项占用一个题号。这一点对于初次接触雅思的考生来说要特别引起注意。二、阅读题干，划出定位词由于选择题考察细节的特点，故题干中的词往往能够提供定位。三、阅读选项，划出核心词在寻找正确答案之前，一定要事先通读选项，因为选项提供了对原文正确或者是错误的同义转换。但是由于选项较长，不可能一次性全部记住，所以有必要把选项里的核心词划出来，这样可以减轻记忆负担，并且更加有针对性地做题。四、找到相关句子段落，摆脱干扰找到答案这是做题的最后一个步骤，也是最重要的步骤。由于选择项的干扰性往往很强，所以对找到的相关句子或段落一定要仔细阅读，排除错误选项。甄别干扰项这一步骤是考生解题的关键，很多考生往往对几个选项犹豫不决，经常跳进题目的陷阱。一般说来，干扰项有如下几个类别： 1、数字陷阱选择题的特点便是选项进行深度的同义转换。但是如果个别选项中出现了数字，往往意味着这个数字直接来源于文章，没有进行任何同义替换。这种干扰选项对于根本读不懂原文的考生有着致命的诱惑力，因为只有数字是熟悉的，其它的单词都读不懂。数字选项中，数字在文章中都有提及，但经常是通过移花接木的形式出现的，以干扰考生的注意力。 2、相似陷阱同理，如果题目中出现的个别单词与原文中的用词一模一样，尤其是一些经常被同义替换掉的动词、形容词等，这个选项往往就是干扰选项。 3、偷换概念陷阱有时候选项中虽然与文中有对应的词，但选项中偷换了关键性的成分（如谓语部分），使得答案错误。 4、搭配不当陷阱这是最具有诱惑性的选项。这种选项的特点是：选项本身是正确的，但是跟题干却不能形成搭配关系。很多考生看到选项和原文内容相似，甚至还有同义转换，便毫不犹豫地选择了这样的干扰项。
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习	剑8 Test1 Passage 3
考试趋势分析和备考指导：从这次考试的题型来看，配对题仍旧是较多的题型，这次出现了一方是特殊定位词的配对和句子配对，尤其后者较难，不易定位，同时又有较多同义转换，因此这类型题极其考验考生的耐心和细心，以及语言功底。这类题在剑6-8都是相对较多的题型，建议考生好好练习，总结常见的同义转换词。除了配对外，经典题型判断同样有，而且有两篇文章出现了。其次是填空题。因此考生在后半年复习阅读时仍就是以判断，配对，选择为主，其他题型也要相应练习。从内容话题来看，不是特别难，相对难的是第三篇文章，由于在文章中出现了较多的实验以及考生不太熟悉的词汇，这类型文章在剑4-剑8中每册都会出现1-2篇，建议考生可以在做过题之后当做泛读材料对文章进行熟悉。

　　以上就是关于2012年8月11日雅思阅读机经的全部内容，包括了对这次考试的三篇文章的题目，问题类型和大致内容做的一个整理和分析。大家可以在备考雅思阅读考试的过程中根据自己的实际情况选择一些话题进行背景知识的准备。

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考试日期：	2012年8月11日
Reading Passage 1
Title:	El Ni�o Phenomenon厄尔尼诺
Question types:	TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN Summary 填空
文章内容回顾	关于厄尔尼诺现象的介绍以及它产生的影响
英文原文阅读	The term El Ni�o—Spanish for "the Christ Child"—was originally used by fishermen to rer to the Pacific Ocean warm currents near the coasts of Peru and Ecuador that appeared periodically around Christmas time and lasted for a few months. Due to those currents, fish were much less abundant than usual. At the present time we use the same name for the large-scale warming of surface waters of the Pacific Ocean every 3-6 years, which usually lasts for 9-12 months, but may continue for up to 18 months, and dramatically affects the weather worldwide. El Ni�o events happen irregularly. Their strength is estimated in surface atmospheric pressure anomalies and anomalies of land and sea surface temperatures. The El Ni�o phenomenon dramatically affects the weather in many parts of the world. It is therore important to predict its appearance. Various climate models, seasonal forecasting models, ocean-atmosphere coupled models, and statistical models attempt to predict El Ni�o as a part of interannual climate variability. Predicting El Ni�o has been possible only since the 1980s, when the power of computers became sufficient to cover very complicated large-scale ocean-atmosphere interactions. El Ni�o&aposs Impact The strongest El Ni�o events of the 20th century occurred in 1982-&apos83 and in1997-&apos98. The fects of 1982-&apos83 included significant storms throughout the southwest United States and one of Australia&aposs worst droughts of the century. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the 1997-&apos98 El Ni�o was a major factor in 1997s record high temperatures. The estimated average surface temperature for land and sea worldwide was0.8�Fhigher than the 1961-1990 average of61.7�F. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 1998 has set all-time highs of global land and ocean surface temperatures, above record high levels in 1997. In 1998 the mean temperature was1.2�F(0.7�C) above the long-term (since 1880) mean of56.9�F(13.8�C). The impact of the 1997/8 El Ni�o has been felt in many parts of the world: Droughts have occurred in the Western Pacific Islands and Indonesia as well as in Mexico and Central America. In Indonesia drought caused uncontrollable forest fires and floods, while warm weather led to a bad fisheries season in Peru, and extreme rainfall and mud slides in southern California. Corals in the Pacific Ocean were bleached by warmer than average water, and shipping through the Panama Canal was restricted by below-average rainfall. El Ni�o phenomena dramatically affect the weather throughout the world. Among other weather anomalies, El Ni�o events are responsible for: A shift of thunderstorm activity eastward from Indonesia to the south Pacific, which leads to abnormally dry conditions and severe droughts during both warm and cold seasons in Australia, the Philippines, Indonesia, southeastern Africa and Brazil. During the summer season the Indian monsoon is less intensive than normal and therore it is much less rainy than usual in India. Much wetter conditions at the west coast of tropical South America. El Ni�o impacts on the United States, North America and the Atlantic regions include: Wetter than the normal conditions in tropical latitudes of North America, from Texas to Florida, including more intensive wintertime storms. Extreme rainfall and flooding events in California, Oregon and Washington. Much milder winters and late autumns in northwestern Canada and Alaska due to pumping of abnormally warm air by mid-latitude low pressure systems. Below normal hurricane/tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic (however, their strength is not limited by El Ni�o). Drier than normal North American monsoons, especially for Mexico, Arizona and New Mexico. Drier than normal autumns and winters in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Summary El Ni�o is a warm phase of the interannual climate oscillation called El Ni�o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, an example of large-scale ocean-atmosphere interaction, and is characterized by large-scale warming of the surface tropical Pacific Ocean. El Ni�o events occur every 3-6 years, last 9-12 months, sometimes even up to 18 months, and have a big impact on world weather. The major impacts of El Ni�o are temperature anomalies, changes in precipitation variability, floods and droughts throughout the world. El Ni�o events happen irregularly and are hard to predict. However many numerical climate models predicted the last few El Ni�o events successfully. El Ni�o forecasting is becoming more and more reliable with our improving knowledge of the phenomenon&aposs nature, with the help of more and more powerful computers, and with the operational El Ni�o Southern Oscillation observation system. El Ni�o forecasting is especially important for tropical countries where El Ni�o impacts are the strongest.
题型难度分析	据考生回忆，第一篇较简单。一种是填空类的题型，另一种是考生易拿分的经典题型判断题。
题型技巧分析	是非无判断题是雅思考试阅读的经典题型，虽然今年的题量相对减少，但是仍是复习备考时应关注的题型。首先应该注意看清是TRUE还是YES, 本篇是TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN 解题步骤： 1. 速读问题的句子，找出考点词（容易有问题的部分）。考点词：比较级，最高级，数据（时间），程度副词，特殊形容词，绝对化的词（only, most, each, any, every, the same as等）。 2. 排除考点词，在余下的词中找定位词，去原文定位。 3. 重点考察考点词是否有提及，是否正确。 TRUE的原则是同义替换，至少有一组近义词。 FALSE是题目和原文截然相反，不可共存，通常有至少一组反义词。 NOT GIVEN原文未提及，不做任何推断，尤其多考察题目的主语等名词在原文是否有提及。 Summary题，有顺序原则。先关注instruction字数限制其次，定位summary在原文的始末位置，summary开头和结尾分别找keywords定位到原文。根据空格前后信息，预测空格上的单词（单复数，可数与否，词性，-ing, -ed, 固定搭配等）在空格附近找定位词（专有名词，数字，句子主语，表示方位的介词，表时间的词，不认识的可数名词）
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习	剑4 Test1 Passage 1 剑5 Test3 Passage 1