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SAT语法要点之代词解析.

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  SAT语法考试中,代词pronoun由前缀pro与词根noun构成,其作用是替代上下文中出现的名词或名词属性短语及从句。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。在SAT语法考题中,代词考点主要集中在以下几点:

  代词考点小结

  →书面语与口语代词使用差别

  →代词自身属性(数量、人称、格)

  →代词指代歧义

  →关系代词which/who修饰对象混淆

  一、考点关注

  1. 书面语与口语代词使用差别

  SAT考察的是标准的书面英语(standard written English),这种语体和日常口语表达的差别集中体现在代词的使用方面。

  请阅读以下例句,找出其中语法错误,并说明原因。

  例句1:Jack’s bike was broken, but he lied to his father that it was still working.

  例句1如果在口语中使用没有任何语法问题,但书面英语要求代词必须指代上下文中出现的名词或名词短语。该例句中代词he并没有出现明确的名词可供指代,因为Jack并不是以单独形式出现的,Jack’s类似于一个形容词。所以该句如果出现在书面语中,应改为Jack’s bike was broken, but Jack lied to his father that it was still working.

  书面语与口语的代词使用差别还体现在指示代词的使用上,指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,this和these指在时间或空间上较近的人或者事物,that和those指在时间或空间上较远的人或者事物。这些指示代词所指的对象取决于说话者和听话者共同熟悉的语境,没有语境就会造成指代不明确。所以在书面语种,指示代词一般都不会单独使用作主语、宾语或其他成分,而使用其限定词的形式或者其前后加以修饰限制。

  请比较下组例句。

  例句2:a) In eighteenth-century France, economic inequalities made many people angry, and this fueled a violent revolution.

  b) In eighteenth-century France, economic inequalities made many people angry, and this anger fueled a violent revolution.

  例句2 a)中,使用的指示代词this虽然在对该句的理解上不造成障碍,但表达的意义并不明确,读者会对this指代对象产生疑问。但是例句2 b)使用的是this的限定词的用法,在其后加名词,让意义表达准确,避免理解歧义。

  2. 代词自身属性(数量、人称、格)

  1) 代词指代数量一致

  代词按照数量分类,可分为单数代词和复数代词:单数代词指代单数名词以及不可数名词;复数名词指代复数名词以及集合名词。

  主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词

  单数Imemymine

  复数weusourours

  单数youyouyouryours

  复数youyouyouyours

  单数hehimhishis

  sheherherhers

  itititsits

  复数theythemtheirtheirs

  请阅读以下例句,找出其中错误。

  例句1:In general, the NPC (National People’s Congress) is the final decider of the president in China, but ironically they have no power to impeach him or her.

  例句1中出现了两个代词they与him,通过该句意思推断,they应该指代the NPC (National People’s Congress),him指代the president。根据代词指代数量要求,单数名词或不可数名词必须用单数代词指代,该句中的they应该改为it。这类问题是SAT代词最基础的考点,也是每次必出现的考点。

  2) 代词指代人称一致

  代词按照人称分类,可分为第一人称、第二人称和第三人称代词:I/we用来代表说话的人,是第一人称;you表示谈话的对象,是第二人称;he, she, it, one等表示所谈的人或物,为第三人称。SAT语法考题中要求在表达同一人或物时,人称要保持一致,不能随意变化。

  主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词

  第一人称Imemymine

  weusourours

  第二人称youyouyouryours

  youyouyouyours

  第三人称hehimhishis

  sheherherhers

  itititsits

  theythemtheirtheirs

  请阅读以下例句,找出其中错误。

  例句2:In order to appeal to a wide audience, radio stations have to sequence songs in such a way that listeners do not have wait too long bore hearing a song you like.

  例句2中出现了代词you,通过该句意思推断,you应该指代listeners,而听众是所谈的人物。根据代词指代人称要求,应该用第三人称复数代词they来指代,该句中的you应该改为they。

  3) 代词格(主格/宾格)使用正确

  代词按照格进行分类,可分为主格代词与宾格代词:单数形式:I-me, you-you, he-him, she-her, it-it (共5对) 和复数形式:we-us, you-you, they-them (共3对)。SAT语法考题中要求主格在句子中做主语和表语;宾格做动词和介词的宾语。

  请阅读以下例句,找出其中错误。

  例句3:An award was conferred on my colleague and I for our paper on the accuracy with which a polygraph measures physiological processes.

  例句3中出现了一个代词I,它处在整个介词短语on my colleague and I之中,即放在介词on的后面。根据代词主宾格使用要求,介词的宾语为代词时应该用宾格形式,该句中的I应该改为me。

  3. 代词指代无歧义

  在语境中,代词常常出现指代不清晰或者歧义的情况,如下句,

  请阅读以下例句,找出其中错误。

  例句4:Karen, James and Wade were hiking; when stumbling over a rock, he fell down a steep embankment.

  例句4中代词he无法判断指代的是谁,我们只能得到信息:he指代James和Wade其中之一,因为他们都是男名,Karen是一个女名。

  4. 关系代词which/who修饰对象正确

  关系代词,包括that/which/who/whom/whose,是代词非常独特的组成部分,他们的主要作用是引导定语从句:一般而言,如果定语从句所修饰的词是指物,可以用which和that;当定语从句所修饰的词是指人,可以用who/whom/that;而whose既可以修饰人又可以表示物。

  请阅读以下例句,找出其中错误。

  例句5:The number of travelers which reached those hot scenic areas during holidays is enormous, and consequently every corner of them is full of passengers packed like sardines.

  例句5中关系代词which修饰的对象(先行词)为travelers,所以which应该改为who。

  二、真题再现

  1. The firly, which emits (A) its characteristic glow from an area under their (B) abdomen, is able (C) to produce light with almost (D) no energy loss in the form of heat. No error (E)

  解析:挑错题中只要出现代词,就应该对其进行考察。(提示:该题中出现了关系代词which和形容词性物主代词their,前者修饰限定firly(萤火虫),没有错误;后者指代firly单数名词,所以应该用单数的形容词性物主代词its。)

  2. An otter grooms its fur continually, and their claws are used by them to remove debris.

  (A) and their claws are used by them

  (B) their claws are used

  (C) it uses its claws

  (D) using its claws

  (E) using their claws

  解析:通过对比选项,可以看出选项中有their和its两个不同的代词。(提示: C与D的差别在于C是一个完整句子,D是一个非谓语动词,原句已经有主句An otter grooms its fur,如果选C就与主句形成流水句(见Chapter 6)。)

  3. Unlike other kinds of hearing aids, which work by amplifying sound, the cochlear implant, which they often call a bionic ear, works by directly stimulating functioning auditory nerves with electrical impulses.

  (A) implant, which they often call

  (B) implant, which are often called

  (C) implant is often called

  (D) implant, often called

  (E) implant, often they call it

  解析:通过对比选项,可以看出选项中有A和E用了代词they,而其它三个选项则没有。返回到题目中,可以发现代词they在句子中没有指代对象。选项中B用定语从句,但定语从句的谓语动词用的是are,与主语which修饰的对象(先行词)单数名词the cochlear implant主谓不一致;(提示:C与D的差别在于C是一个完整句子,D是一个非谓语动词,原句已经有主句the cochlear implant works by…,如果选C就与主句形成流水句。)

  4. Nutritionists suggest that bore deciding to drastically change your diet, a person should consult one’s physician.

  (A) your diet, a person should consult one’s physician

  (B) your diet, you should consult your physician

  (C) one’s diet, you should consult your physician

  (D)their diet, people should consult his physician

  (E) their diet, consult a physician

  解析:代词人称不一致考题。(提示:划线部分a person是谈论的对象,为第三人称,而your为第二人称,二者应该保持一致。)

  5. Economics is when you study the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

  (A) when you study

  (B) what you study about

  (C) your studying of

  (D) doing a study on

  (E) the study of

  解析:该句是对Economics下定义,Economics是表示所谈的物,应该用第三人称去表达。

  6. By the end of the eighteenth century, watch-making technology had greatly improved, and they were standard equipment for military personnel.

  (A) and they were standard equipment for military personnel

  (B) so it was standard equipment for military personnel to have watches

  (C) with watches included in the standard equipment for military personnel

  (D) and watches had become standard equipment for military personnel

  (E) and for military personnel it was standard equipment

  解析:该题中,划线部分代词they明显是指代错误的,上文没有复数名词;B选项用单数代词it去指代上文的watch呢?答案同样是否定的。我们从一个简单句看起:Ross’s sweater is missing, and he has been finding it for months. 如果在口语中或在非正式文体中,这样的表达是正确的,但在SAT语法考题中,上文的Ross是以形容词形式出现的(Ross’s),而代词不可以指代形容词,所以代词he不可以这样使用。同理,在这题中watch并没有单独出现,而是watch-making该合成词的一部分出现的,所以单数代词it也是错误的。

  7. Nancy and Carlos will represent Central High in the swimming competition, their work in this having been excellent this year.

  (A) competition, their work in this having been excellent this year

  (B) competition, they have done excellent work this year in this

  (C) competition, for this year they have done excellent work in this

  (D) competition, for their swimming has been excellent this year

  (E) competition; their work as swimmers having been excellent this year

  解析:该题中划线部分in this,this作指示代词单独充当介词in的宾语,不符合SAT语法要求,同理选项B, C也是错误的。

  8. Although their language and people that are not of European origin, Finland is generally considered part of Scandinavia, which also includes Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.

  (A) their language and people that are

  (B) it has a language and people that are

  (C) they have languages and people

  (D) its language and people are

  (E) there are languages and people that are

  解析:典型的代词指代数量不一致问题,后文是Finland,单数名词,所以代词应该用单数第三人称代词it/its。

  9. The common cold, like (A) chickenpox, measles, and many other (B) viral diseases, can be spread both bore and (C) after their (D) symptoms emerge. No error (E)

  解析:挑错题中只要出现代词,就应该对其进行考察。(提示:该题中出现了复数代词their,指代对象为the common cold单数名词,所以应该用单数的形容词性物主代词its。)

  10. Almost all animals that hibernate (A) prepare for it (B) during summer by eating (C) large amounts of food, which they convert (D) to thick layers of fat. No error (E)

  解析:挑错题中只要出现代词,就应该对其进行考察。(提示:该题中出现了单数代词it和复数单词they,可以发现前者it没有指代对象,后者they指代animals,是正确的。

  三、难点聚焦

  虽然代词是SAT的基础考点,难度较低,但要注意的是指代数量一致两个延伸考点:

  1. 形容词性物主代词修饰名词时数量一致

  请阅读以下例句,找出其中错误。

  例句6:The Apple Company just released its latest products, but their battery can only last for 200 hours.

  例句6中代词their指代上文出现的products是正确的,但作为形容词性物主代词,their对其后的名词battery起修饰限定作用,要求如果该名词为可数名词,应该用复数batteries;如果表示共同拥有同一个或者是一个不可数名词,则不用变形。

  2. 名词数量一致

  请阅读以下例句,找出其中错误。

  例句7:The students at this training institution have evolved into insightful, critical thinkers from an in experienced and uncertain teenager just a month bore.

  例句7中并没有出现名词,但上下文在讲述同一对象The students,所以insightful, critical thinkers为复数,an in experienced and uncertain teenager也应为复数。

  3. 比较结构中代词的使用

  此外,比较结构中的代词使用也是SAT语法关注的焦点:在比较结构中,为了避免重复,常用代词替代名词词组或它的中心词。可以这样用的替代词常用的且较难掌握的有one/ones/that/those/it/they。

  1代词one和ones的用法:

  one只能替代单数名词,one的复数形式ones只能替代复数名词。替代词one或ones必须带有一个限定或修饰词,它们和所替代的名词中心词所指不一定是同一对象,这是替代词one或 ones在用法上的一个重要特征。

  如:Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had bore.

  注意:one作替代词时,在of前面不能用 the one来表示所属关系和类似概念。

  2代词that和those的用法:

  that和those通常用作指使代词,也可用作替代词。它们总是伴随着限定性的后置修饰语,分别等于the one和 the ones。但that也可替代不可数名词,但是the one则不能。

  如:The houses of the rich are generally larger than those of the poor.

  3代词it和they的用法:

  it和they是特指,在比较结构中一般指代上文出现的相同的人、物或者事件。

  如:Finding a McDonald’s in Beijing is far easier than it is in my hometown.

  四、 难题透析

  1. Sui Sin Far and Edith Eaton are both a name (A) used by an early twentieth-century writer whose (B) psychological realism continues to bring (C) her characters to life (D) for today’s readers. No error (E)

  解析:前后名词数量一致,Sui Sin Far and Edith Eaton为两个名字,a name为单数,后者需要变为复数。

  2. In the early twentieth century, telephone companies supported (A) the cause of (B) financial independence for women by providing (C) many with respectable jobs as a switchboard operator (D). No error (E)

  解析:前后名词数量一致,women为复数名词,与as a switchboard operator数量不一致,后者需要变为复数。

  3. A majority of the students who (A) attended (B) the job fair expressed interest in becoming (C) a doctor or lawyer (D). No error (E)

  解析:前后名词数量一致,a majority of the students为复数名词,与a doctor or lawyer数量不一致,后者需要变为复数。

  4. The people sitting behind me (A) in the movie theater were talking throughout the film and would (B) not keep their voice (C) down even after being asked to do so (D). No error (E)

  解析:their voice为形容词性物主代词修饰名词结构,该结构需要考虑两者的数量关系,如果是共享的,则可用单数,如their classroom;如果不是共享,则必须用复数,如their lives, their voices等等。

  5. A big vegetable salad is generally (A) more nutritious than (B) a low-fat pasta dish, but (C) either meal would be good choices (D) for the health-conscious eater. No error (E)

  解析:前后名词数量一致,either meal为复数名词,与good choices数量不一致,后者需要变为单数。

SAT语法要点之代词解析代词自身属性关系代词真题再现难点聚焦 难题透析

  SAT语法考试中,代词pronoun由前缀pro与词根noun构成,其作用是替代上下文中出现的名词或名词属性短语及从句。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。在SAT语法考题中,代词考点主要集中在以下几点:

  代词考点小结

  →书面语与口语代词使用差别

  →代词自身属性(数量、人称、格)

  →代词指代歧义

  →关系代词which/who修饰对象混淆

  一、考点关注

  1. 书面语与口语代词使用差别

  SAT考察的是标准的书面英语(standard written English),这种语体和日常口语表达的差别集中体现在代词的使用方面。

  请阅读以下例句,找出其中语法错误,并说明原因。

  例句1:Jack’s bike was broken, but he lied to his father that it was still working.

  例句1如果在口语中使用没有任何语法问题,但书面英语要求代词必须指代上下文中出现的名词或名词短语。该例句中代词he并没有出现明确的名词可供指代,因为Jack并不是以单独形式出现的,Jack’s类似于一个形容词。所以该句如果出现在书面语中,应改为Jack’s bike was broken, but Jack lied to his father that it was still working.

  书面语与口语的代词使用差别还体现在指示代词的使用上,指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,this和these指在时间或空间上较近的人或者事物,that和those指在时间或空间上较远的人或者事物。这些指示代词所指的对象取决于说话者和听话者共同熟悉的语境,没有语境就会造成指代不明确。所以在书面语种,指示代词一般都不会单独使用作主语、宾语或其他成分,而使用其限定词的形式或者其前后加以修饰限制。

  请比较下组例句。

  例句2:a) In eighteenth-century France, economic inequalities made many people angry, and this fueled a violent revolution.

  b) In eighteenth-century France, economic inequalities made many people angry, and this anger fueled a violent revolution.

  例句2 a)中,使用的指示代词this虽然在对该句的理解上不造成障碍,但表达的意义并不明确,读者会对this指代对象产生疑问。但是例句2 b)使用的是this的限定词的用法,在其后加名词,让意义表达准确,避免理解歧义。 上123456下

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