留学SAT语法要点之动词时态.

　　SAT是Scholastic Aptitude Test的缩写，是申请几乎所有美国大学必须参加的考试。通常，希望继续接受高等教育的高中生需要参加SAT考试，并且SAT考试得分是获取奖学金的重要标准之一。大部分美国大学要求SAT考试作为录取的条件并根据SAT得分授予奖学金。

　　在SAT语法中，动词是用来描述各类动作、状态以及关系的词类。任何语言，除少数语言外(如汉语)，都要求每个分句(clause)有且只有一个动词作谓语；在英语中，动词具有最丰富的形式变化，所以它不可避免地成为各种考试的重点；SAT语法部分主要考察谓语动词的两类变化形式，时态变化以及数量变化(主谓一致)。

　　I. 时态 (tense)

　　英语共有16种时态，SAT重点考察一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时，现在完成时和过去完成时(见附录1)，掌握这些时态的用法和相应动词的变化是解决时态类型题的基础。

　　英语的时态(tense)本质上是一种动词形式，即不同的动词形式体现不同的时态。因此，SAT语法题时态考点主要考察句中谓语动词形式变化正确与否。

　　时态考点小结

　　→通过时间状语推断动词形式

　　→通过上下文动词的时态推断动词形式

　　→描述文学作品以及陈述客观真理时用一般现在时

　　→虚拟语气动词形式变化

　　→动词过去式及过去分词的拼写

　　一、考点关注

　　1. 通过时间状语推断动词形式

　　判断谓语动词时态的方法有很多，最重要的是抓时间状语。

　　请阅读以下例句，找出其中语法错误，并说明原因。

　　例句1：Corrupt Chinese officials would have smuggled an estimated RMB 800bn of ill-gotten gains out of the country over a 15-year period between the mid-1990s and 2008, according to a report which is released by China’s central bank several days ago.

　　例句1由两个分句(clause)构成，主句中的谓语动词为“would have smuggled” ，定语从句中的谓语动词为“is released”。两个动词变化分别表示“对过去的虚拟”和“一般现在时”。如何推断出它们是否正确呢?抓时间状语：如果句子中出现时间状语，且谓语动词发生在该时间状语内，那么该时间状语决定了谓语动词的时态变化。例句1中，两个时间状语分别是over a 15-year period between the mid-1990s and 2008与several days ago，都是标志一般过去时的时间状语，所以两个谓语动词分别应为smuggled和was released。简言之，这一推断方法为时间状语决定动词变化。

　　在SAT语法题中，常会出现以下时间状语：

　　1) by + 时间点：“到……为止”，常与完成时连用;如果该时间点是过去，应使用过去完成时，该时间点为现在，应使用现在完成时，该时间点为将来，应使用将来完成时。

　　如：We will provide the support necessary for you to complete college and meet a new goal: by 2020, America will once again have had the highest proportion of college graduates in the world.

　　2) over/for/in/during the past/last…years：“在过去的……年内”，常与现在完成时连用

　　如：Over the past 20 years, the international community has reduced the production that consumed ozone materials or chemicals by 95%, which was a remarkable achievement.

　　3) since + 时间点：“自从……起”，常与现在完成时连用

　　如：Scotland has seen a 2325% rise in incidence of whooping cough since last September, according to experts.

　　4) no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…：“一……就……”no sooner与hardly/scarcely引导的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时，应用倒装语序。

　　如：I had hardly got home when it began to rain.

　　Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.

　　2. 通过上下文动词的时态推断动词形式

　　判断谓语动词时态的第二个主要方法是根据上下文相关动词的时态变化进行推断。

　　请阅读以下例句，找出其中语法错误，并说明原因。

　　例句2：Analysts said that the market will become increasingly sensitive to contagious risks from the crisis in Greece, not just to other sovereign states but also to Europe’s banking sector.

　　例句2中无论主句还是从句中都没出现时间状语，这时只有依靠上下句中谓语动词变化以及它们的时间关系来判断。换句话说，如果句子中没有出现时间状语，就必须依靠上下文谓语动词间的时间关系进行判断，analysts said(分析学家说)这里的动作是一般过去时，而will become是分析学家说的内容，为间接引语，两事件应该同时发生，时态应相同，所以应该使用过去将来时would become。简言之，这一推断方法为上下文动词及其时间关系决定动词变化。以上两种方法是解决SAT时态考题的关键，很多题目都可以直接应用到这两种方法。

　　除了以上两种必须掌握的方法外，时态考题还会涉及到以下三个考点：

　　3. 描述文学作品以及陈述客观真理时用一般现在时

　　一般现在时表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作(有时间规律发生的事件)的一种时间状态。所以在陈述客观真理时，我们常使用一般现在时。同时，在描述文学作品时，也应该用一般现在时，因为文学作品是永远不变的，是通常性的状态。In other words, the literature is never dead, so don’t talk about it as though it were a corpse。

　　请阅读以下例句，找出其中动词时态错误。

　　例句3：Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the career of playwright William Shakespeare about two young “star-cross’d lovers” whose deaths ultimately united their feuding families.

　　例句3有两个小句，Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy和whose deaths ultimately united their feuding families，前句使用的是一般现在时，表达某种客观真理或客观事实;后者是在描述这部悲剧(文学作品)中的某一个事件，所以也应该用一般现在时(united→unite)。

　　4. 虚拟语气

　　虚拟语气是必须要掌握考点，且易出现难题。其要点如下：

　　1)非真实条件句中(if )的虚拟语气

　　非真实条件句表示不可能实现的或实现的可能性很小的假设。条件句与主句皆须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的时态形式有三种：

　　If +从句主句

　　对现在事实虚拟If 主语 + 动词过去式(be的过去式只用were)主语+should/would/could/might+动词原形

　　对过去事实虚拟If 主语 + had + 过去分词主语+should/would/could/might+have+过去分词

　　对将来事实虚拟If 主语 + 动词过去式(be的过去式只用were)/were to/should主语+should/would/could/might+动词原形/

　　主语+will+动词原形

　　① 对现在事实虚拟

　　如：If it were not for the pleadings of my granddaughter, you would be dead already.

　　If modern business people weren&apost able to hold a drink, grab a bite, shake hands and extract a business card all at the same time, the commercial world would grind to a halt.

　　If he knew the mountains, he would go alone. He doesn&apost, so he needs a guide

　　② 对过去事实虚拟

　　如：If that had failed, he would have urged that the matter be resolved in a family court.

　　If I had seen you, I dinitely would have said hello.

　　③ 对将来事实虚拟

　　如：If you were to give the money to me, then I would say no more about it.

　　If he should fall, who will carry the flag in his place?

　　2)宾语从句中的虚拟语气

　　动词后面接的宾语从句：表示愿望(wish)，建议(suggest, advice, propose. Recommend)，要求(demand ,request, require, insist)，命令(order, command)等。此时无论主语是什么，谓语都要用should + do构成，而且should可以省略。

　　如：They demanded that the right to vote (should) be given to every adult man.

　　Rose insisted that the girl (should) be sent to hospital.

　　He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves.

　　3)方式状语从句中的虚拟语气

　　as if, as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。注意这时虚拟语气的变化只出现在从句中：

　　如：They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long.

　　He coughed twice as if someone should come.

　　5. 动词过去式及过去分词的拼写

　　在英语中，有很多动词的时态变化(过去式和过去分词)都是不规则的，这些不规则变化就成为考试的焦点。动词过去式及过去分词不规则变化错误一般只出现在挑错题中，而且多是完成时(现在完成时/过去完成时)中过去分词误用成过去式形式。

　　请阅读以下例句，找出其中动词时态错误。

　　例句4：The problems in Libya have not caused a shortage, while increases in prices over the past two weeks have arose only from fears about what might happen next.

　　在例句4中，have arose中的arose变化是错误的，其过去分词形式应为arisen (arise-arose-arisen)。以下是必须掌握的动词不规则变化：

　　become/became/become begin/began/begun come/came/come

　　hang/hanged/hanged learn/learnt/learnt teach/taught/taught

　　win/won/won fight/fought/fought spend/spent/spent

　　lose/lost/lost run/ran/run drink/drank/drunk

　　ring/rang/rung sing/sang/sung/ swim/swam/swum

　　draw/drew/drawn fly/flew/flown/ grow/grew/grown

　　rise/rose/risen take/took/taken ride/rode/ridden

　　write/wrote/written wear/wore/worn seek/sought/sought

　　二、真题再现

　　1. Though Douglas designed and built the first computer mouse, he profited little from his invention because it does not become popular until his patent had already expired. (May 2011)

　　(A) it does not become

　　(B) it did not become

　　(C) of them not becoming

　　(D) of their not becoming

　　(E) they had not become

　　解析：该句无时间状语，可以通过未划线部分上下文动词形式，包括designed and built一般过去时，profited一般过去时，had already expired过去完成时来推断，推断画线部分动词的时态必须为过去的时态，再考虑到代词(见Chapter 2)。

　　2. Whenever Umberto sang in the shower, his voice rings throughout the house. (May 2010)

　　(A) rings (B) is ringing (C) would ring (D) ringing (E) has rung

　　解析：该句无时间状语，通过未划线部分上下文动词形式，推断画线部分动词的时态使用正确与否，由whenever(无论何时)引导的从句中sang为一般过去时，所以划线部分rings也应该为过去的时态。(提示：would do sth.可以表示过去将来以及过去常常双重含义。)

　　3. By next year the old vaudeville theater had been (A) converted into two small (B) theaters in which (C) films can be shown (D). No error (E)

　　解析：该句有明确的时间状语by next year，介词by与时间点连用，意思是到什么时间为止，一般情况用完成时。(提示：by+过去时间用过去完成时;by+现在时间用现在完成时;by+将来时间用将来完成时。)

　　4. According to (A) a recent study, the domestication of (B) cats had began (C) in the Middle East over (D) 100,000 years ago. No error (E)

　　解析：该句是简单句，谓语动词为had began,判断该句过去完成时正确与否。(提示：begin不规则变化begin/began/begun)

　　5. The memoirs of President Clinton begin with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate in his rise to the presidency.

　　(A) begin with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate

　　(B) that begin with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate

　　(C) have begun with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate

　　(D) have begun with his childhood in Arkansas and culminating

　　(E) began with his childhood in Arkansas and are culminated

　　解析：从选项的对比就可以看出，这道题考的是时态。(提示：memoirs：回忆录,自传)

　　6. The mayor claimed that a majority of the property owners would have favored her proposal if put to the vote.

　　(A) would have favored her proposal if put

　　(B) would have favored her proposal if it had been put

　　(C) favored her proposal if it would have been put

　　(D) favored her proposal if put

　　(E) favored her proposal if they were put

　　解析：从选项的对比就可以看出，这道题考的是时态。根据if引导的非真实条件句，可以发现这是考虚拟语气。(提示：对过去的虚拟从句应该用had done结构，主句用should/would/could/might + have + 过去分词。)

　　7. First run in 1867 and still taking place every summer, the Belmont Stakes, a horse race for thoroughbred three-year-olds, was one of the oldest races in the United States.

　　(A) was (B) is (C) were (D) are (E) has been

　　解析：从选项的对比就可以看出，这道题考的是时态。(提示：虽然这题中有两个时间状语in 1867和every summer，但是它们都不限制划线动词was，所以不能根据它们判断。句子意思：贝尔蒙特大赛马，一项专门为三岁大的纯种马举行的比赛，是美国最老的赛马之一。)

　　8. The bus would not have had to take (A) the long detour instead of (B) the main highway if the bridge did not become (C) treacherous in the aftermath of (D) an ice storm. No error (E)

　　解析：根据if引导的非真实条件句，可以发现这是考察虚拟语气的用法。(提示：对过去的虚拟从句应该用had done结构，主句用should/would/could/might+have+过去分词。)

　　9. Bore she wrote the famous account of her experiences as (A) a Buddhist nun traveling (B) across Japan, Lady Nijo has lived (C) at the court of the Japanese Emperor for over (D) twenty years. No error (E)

　　解析：该句无时间状语，通过未划线部分上下文动词形式，推断画线部分动词的时态使用正确与否。(提示：由bore(在…之前)引导的从句中wrote为一般过去时，所以主句动词应该为在过去之前的时态，即过去完成时。)

　　10. For our hike, my two companions and I (A) had chose (B) to walk along the Appalachian Trail, one of (C) the oldest and best-loved (D) hiking paths in the United States. No error (E)

　　解析：该句是简单句，谓语动词为had chose,判断该句过去完成时正确与否。(提示：choose不规则变化：choose/chose/chosen)

　　三、难点聚焦

　　时态考题是SAT语法考题的基础，难度一般属于E(easy level)，其难点主要出现在虚拟语气以及虚拟语气的省略。

　　虚拟语气的难点主要体现在(if 引导的)非真实条件句中if的省略：即如果非真实条件句中动词中有were, had, should时，可以省去if，并把were, had, should提到主语前变成倒装结构，如：If you had worked harder, you would have good marks in the SAT.

　　→Had you worked harder, you would have got good marks in the SAT.

　　If I were a millionaire, I would buy myself a yacht rather than a stupid house in Beijing.

　　→Were I a millionaire, I would buy myself a yacht rather than a stupid house in Beijing.

　　所以were, had, should放主语前，而又不是一个问句，那么它肯定是一个省略if的非真实条件句。此外这种省略结构还可以变得更为复杂：

　　①省略if的从句放在主句后

　　在初高中的学习中，为了帮助理解，英语老师讲到非真实条件句中if的省略结构时，往往只举从句在主句前的例句，但英语的主从句的位置比较灵活，所以以下的句子就显得比较陌生，难以接受。

　　如：I would have told him the news had I seen him yesterday.

　　We would have been in Beijing yesterday had we got up earlier.

　　②整个省略if的条件句放在宾语从句，表语从句，或者并列句中

　　当非真实条件句中if的省略结构被放置在从句中，形成非常复杂的句子结构时，也比较难以辨认。

　　如：With the sun almost setting down, Jack felt lucky that had it not been for two particularly skillful members of the work crew, he could not have completed the apartment renovation on schedule.

　　四、难题透析

　　1. Had (A) I known that we would be (B) walking the fifteen (C) blocks from the movie theater to the restaurant, I would of (D) worn more comfortable shoes. No error (E)

　　解析：虚拟语气中if条件句省略了if后形成的倒装，had放在主语I之前。还原回去应该是if I had known that we would be walking the fifteen blocks from the movie theater to the restaurant, I would of worn more comfortable shoes.

　　2. If there had been a power failure, the hospital will run on electricity from its own generators, which can operate for 200 hours.

　　(A) If there had been

　　(B) If there were

　　(C) Had there been

　　(D) Should there be

　　(E) There has been

　　解析：虚拟语气if条件句If there had been，时态为过去完成时，而主句为将来时the hospital will run，在SAT考题中不会出现错综虚拟语气。(提示：所以该句是对将来的虚拟，省略if，形成倒装。)

　　3. Had it not (A) been for (B) two particularly skillful members of the work crew, we could not have completed (C) the apartment renovations on schedule (D). No error (E)

　　解析：该句是典型的虚拟语气中if条件句省略后形成的倒装，省略前的句子应该为if it had not been for two particularly skillful members of the work crew, we could not have completed the apartment renovations on schedule. (提示：该句是对过去的虚拟，主从句动词变化都是正确的。)

　　4. Only after he had wrote (A) the note did (B) Jason begin to feel (C) remorse (D). No error (E)

　　解析：该句融合了时态考点和倒装句(见chapter 2)双重考点，难度加大。

　　5. I have gone to (A) only one (B) football game after (C) I graduated (D) from high school. No error (E

　　解析：该句是一种逆向考题，正常的思维是通过时间状语去推断动词变化，而该题考察的是通过上下句的动词变化推断时间连接词的使用。

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　　SAT是Scholastic Aptitude Test的缩写，是申请几乎所有美国大学必须参加的考试。通常，希望继续接受高等教育的高中生需要参加SAT考试，并且SAT考试得分是获取奖学金的重要标准之一。大部分美国大学要求SAT考试作为录取的条件并根据SAT得分授予奖学金。

　　在SAT语法中，动词是用来描述各类动作、状态以及关系的词类。任何语言，除少数语言外(如汉语)，都要求每个分句(clause)有且只有一个动词作谓语；在英语中，动词具有最丰富的形式变化，所以它不可避免地成为各种考试的重点；SAT语法部分主要考察谓语动词的两类变化形式，时态变化以及数量变化(主谓一致)。

　　I. 时态 (tense)

　　英语共有16种时态，SAT重点考察一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时，现在完成时和过去完成时(见附录1)，掌握这些时态的用法和相应动词的变化是解决时态类型题的基础。

　　英语的时态(tense)本质上是一种动词形式，即不同的动词形式体现不同的时态。因此，SAT语法题时态考点主要考察句中谓语动词形式变化正确与否。

　　时态考点小结

　　→通过时间状语推断动词形式

　　→通过上下文动词的时态推断动词形式

　　→描述文学作品以及陈述客观真理时用一般现在时

　　→虚拟语气动词形式变化

　　→动词过去式及过去分词的拼写

　　一、考点关注

　　1. 通过时间状语推断动词形式

　　判断谓语动词时态的方法有很多，最重要的是抓时间状语。

　　请阅读以下例句，找出其中语法错误，并说明原因。

　　例句1：Corrupt Chinese officials would have smuggled an estimated RMB 800bn of ill-gotten gains out of the country over a 15-year period between the mid-1990s and 2008, according to a report which is released by China’s central bank several days ago.

　　例句1由两个分句(clause)构成，主句中的谓语动词为“would have smuggled” ，定语从句中的谓语动词为“is released”。两个动词变化分别表示“对过去的虚拟”和“一般现在时”。如何推断出它们是否正确呢?抓时间状语：如果句子中出现时间状语，且谓语动词发生在该时间状语内，那么该时间状语决定了谓语动词的时态变化。例句1中，两个时间状语分别是over a 15-year period between the mid-1990s and 2008与several days ago，都是标志一般过去时的时间状语，所以两个谓语动词分别应为smuggled和was released。简言之，这一推断方法为时间状语决定动词变化。

　　在SAT语法题中，常会出现以下时间状语：

　　1) by + 时间点：“到……为止”，常与完成时连用;如果该时间点是过去，应使用过去完成时，该时间点为现在，应使用现在完成时，该时间点为将来，应使用将来完成时。

　　如：We will provide the support necessary for you to complete college and meet a new goal: by 2020, America will once again have had the highest proportion of college graduates in the world.

　　2) over/for/in/during the past/last…years：“在过去的……年内”，常与现在完成时连用

　　如：Over the past 20 years, the international community has reduced the production that consumed ozone materials or chemicals by 95%, which was a remarkable achievement.

　　3) since + 时间点：“自从……起”，常与现在完成时连用

　　如：Scotland has seen a 2325% rise in incidence of whooping cough since last September, according to experts.

　　4) no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…：“一……就……”no sooner与hardly/scarcely引导的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时，应用倒装语序。

　　如：I had hardly got home when it began to rain.

　　Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. 上1234567下

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