SAT写作经典例子之贝尔.

　　下面为大家整理的是关于SAT写作例子中最为经典一个，关于贝尔的相关故事。贝尔是中西方都非常耳熟能详的人物，作为SAT写作例子来用，需要大家选择更加新颖的切入点进行描写。大家和澳际小编一起来看看详细的内容介绍吧。

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　　Bell, Alexander Graham 1847 – 1922 (贝尔)

　　Inventor and educator. Born March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland. Bell is best known for perfecting the telephone to transmit vocal messages by electricity. The telephone inaugurated a new age in communication technology.

　　Bell’s father, Alexander Melville Bell, was an expert in vocal physiology and elocution; his grandfather, Alexander Bell, was an elocution professor. After studying at the University of Edinburgh and University College, London, Bell became his father&aposs assistant. He taught the deaf to talk by adopting his father&aposs system of visible speech (illustrations of speaking positions of the lips and tongue). In London he studied Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz&aposs experiments with tuning forks and magnets to produce complex sounds. In 1865, Bell made scientific studies of the resonance of the mouth while speaking.

　　In 1870, the Bells moved to Brantford, Ontario, Canada, to preserve Alexander&aposs health. He went to Boston in 1871 to teach at Sarah Fuller&aposs School for the Deaf, the first such school in the world. He also tutored private students, including Helen Keller. As professor of vocal physiology and speech at Boston University in 1873, he initiated conventions for teachers of the deaf. Throughout his life he continued to educate the deaf, and he founded the American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf.

　　From 1873 to 1876, Bell experimented with a phonautograph, a multiple telegraph, and an electric speaking telegraph (the telephone). Funds came from the fathers of two of his pupils; one of these men, Gardiner Hubbard, had a deaf daughter, Mabel, who later became Bell&aposs wife.

　　Inventing the Telephone

　　To help deaf children, Bell experimented in the summer of 1874 with a human ear and attached bones, a tympanum, magnets, and smoked glass. He conceived the theory of the telephone: an electric current can be made to change intensity precisely as air density varies during sound production. Unlike the telegraph&aposs use of intermittent current, the telephone requires continuous current with varying intensity. That same year, Bell invented a harmonic telegraph, to transmit several messages simultaneously over one wire, and a telephonic-telegraphic receiver. Trying to reproduce the human voice electrically, he became expert with electric wave transmission. Bell supplied the ideas; Thomas Watson made and assembled the equipment. Working with tuned reeds and magnets to synchronize a receiving instrument with a sender, they transmitted a musical note on June 2, 1875. Bell&aposs telephone receiver and transmitter were identical: a thin disk in front of an electromagnet.

　　On February 14, 1876, Bell&aposs attorney filed for a patent. The exact hour was not recorded, but on that same day Elisha Gray filed his caveat (intention to invent) for a telephone. The U.S. Patent Office granted Bell the patent for the "electric speaking telephone" on March 7. It was the most valuable single patent ever issued, and it opened a new age in communication technology. Bell continued his experiments to improve the telephone&aposs quality. By accident, Bell sent the first sentence, "Watson, come here; I want you," on March 10, 1876. The first demonstration occurred at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences convention in Boston two months later. Bell&aposs display at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition a month later gained more publicity, and Emperor Dom Pedro of Brazil ordered 100 telephones for his country. The telephone, accorded only 18 words in the official catalog of the exposition, suddenly became the "star" attraction.

　　Establishing an Industry

　　Repeated demonstrations overcame public skepticism. The first reciprocal outdoor conversation was between by Bell and Watson (in Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, respectively) on October 9, 1876. In 1877, the first telephone was installed in a private home; a conversation was conducted between Boston and New York, using telegraph lines; in May, the first switchboard, devised by E. T. Holmes in Boston, was a burglar alarm connecting five banks; and in July, the first organization to commercialize the invention, the Bell Telephone Company, was formed.

　　That same year, while on his honeymoon, Bell introduced the telephone to England and France. The first commercial switchboard was set up in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1878, and Bell&aposs first subsidiary, the New England Telephone Company, was organized that year. Switchboards were improved by Charles Scribner, with more than 500 inventions. Thomas Cornish, a Philadelphia electrician, had a switchboard for eight customers and published a one-page directory in 1878.

　　Contesting Bell&aposs Patent

　　Other inventors had been at work. Between 1867 and 1873, Professor Elisha Gray (of Oberlin College) invented an "automatic self-adjusting telegraph relay," installed it in hotels, and made telegraph printers and repeaters. He tried to perfect a speaking telephone from his harmonic (multiple-current) telegraph. The Gray and Batton Manufacturing Company of Chicago developed into the Western Electric Company.

　　Another competitor was Professor Amos E. Dolbear, who insisted that Bell&aposs telephone was only an improvement on an 1860 invention by Johann Reis, a German, who had experimented with pigs&apos ear membranes and may have made a telephone. Dolbear&aposs own instrument, operating by "make and break" current, could transmit pitch but not voice quality.

　　In 1879, Western Union, with its American Speaking Telephone Company, ignored Bell&aposs patents and hired Thomas Edison, along with Dolbear and Gray, as inventors and improvers. Later that year Bell and Western Union formed a joint company, with the latter getting 20 percent for providing wires, circuits, and equipment. Theodore Vail, organizer of Bell Telephone Company, consolidated six companies in 1881. The modern transmitter evolved mainly from the work of Emile Berliner and Edison in 1877 and Francis Blake in 1878. Blake&aposs transmitter was later sold to Bell for stock.

　　The claims of other inventors were contested. Daniel Drawbaugh, from rural Pennsylvania, with little formal schooling, almost won a legal battle with Bell in 1884 but was deated by a four to three vote in the Supreme Court. The claim by this "Edison of the Cumberland Valley" was the most exciting (and futile) litigation over telephone patents. Altogether, the Bell Company was involved in 587 lawsuits, of which five went to the Supreme Court; Bell won every case. A convincing argument was that no competitor claimed originality until 17 months after Bell&aposs patent. Also, at the 1876 Philadelphia Exposition, eminent electrical scientists, especially Lord Kelvin, the world&aposs foremost authority, had declared it to be "new." Professors, scientists, and researchers dended Bell, pointing to his lifelong study of the ear and his books and lectures on speech mechanics.

　　The Bell Company

　　The Bell Company built the first long-distance line in 1884, connecting Boston and New York. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company was organized by Bell and others in 1885 to operate other long-distance lines. By 1889, when insulation was perfected, there were 11,000 miles of underground wires in New York City.

　　The Volta Laboratory was started by Bell in Washington, D.C., with the Volta Prize money (50,000 francs, about $10,000) awarded by France for his invention. At the laboratory he and associates worked on various projects during the 1880s, including the photophone, induction balance, audiometer, and phonograph improvements. The photophone transmitted speech by light, using a primitive photoelectric cell. The induction balance (electric probe) located metal in the body. The audiometer indicated Bell&aposs continued interest in deafness. The first successful phonograph record, a shellac cylinder, as well as wax disks and cylinders, was produced. The Columbia Gramophone Company exploited Bell&aposs phonograph records. With the profits Bell established the Volta Bureau in Washington to study deafness.

　　Bell&aposs Later Interests

　　The magazine Science (later the official organ of the American Association for the Advancement of Science) was founded in 1880 because of Bell&aposs forts. He made numerous addresses and published many monographs. As National Geographic Society president from 1896 to 1904, he fostered the success of the society and its publications. In 1898 he became a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. He was also involved in sheep breeding, hydrodynamics, and aviation projects.

　　Aviation was Bell&aposs primary interest after 1895. He aided Samuel Langley, invented the tetrahedral kite (1903), and founded the Aerial Experiment Association (1907), bringing together Glenn Curtiss, Francis Baldwin, and others. They devised the aileron control principle (which replaced "wing warping"), developed the hydroplane, and solved balance problems in flying machines. Curtiss furnished the motor for Bell&aposs man-carrying kite in 1907.

　　Alexander Graham Bell died at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, on August 2, 1922.

　　以上就是关于贝尔的SAT写作例子总结，非常详细，对于贝尔在发明电话之前和之后的相关事件都有介绍。如果这样的事例描述不当就会成为一个非常不好用的例子，所以澳际小编建议大家一定要选择和自己想要描述的观点最相近的一个切入点进行描述。