美国留学生活工作必记的高频拉丁词汇

　　美国留学生活工作必记的高频拉丁词汇。在美国读书，除了英语词汇，日常口语交流中，有时甚至是在写作中还会频频遇到一些拉丁语词汇。虽然你不需要系统地学习和掌握拉丁语，但是记住一些常被用到的拉丁词汇和短语无疑会对你的大学学习帮很大的忙。下面列举出的就是那些最常用到的拉丁文的表述，相信记住了这些拉丁词汇你的个人词库会飞跃不止一个档次!

　　Must-Learn Terms 必记术语

　　Per se: （就其本身而言）The direct translation of this term is "by itself" and it means just that when used in English as well. You could use it to say that you don't find chemistry boring per se （by itself, intrinsically）, but this professor's voice puts you to sleep. 例如：就化学本身而言我并不讨厌它，可是教授上课的声音总是让我想打瞌睡。

　　Vice versa: （反之亦然） From the Latin meaning "to change" or "turn around," this term means to reverse the order of something . This quote from Samuel Butler provides an example, "In the midst of vice we are in virtue, and vice versa."

　　Alma mater: （母校尤指大学）If you don't know this term already, you'll become quite familiar with it once you graduate from college. The literal translation is "dear/bountiful mother" but you'll find it used in everyday language to denote the college or university from which one has graduated.

　　Magnum opus（大师之作/绝好的艺术作品）: Whether it's in writing, painting, sculpture or music, this Latin term denotes the greatest work done by an artist-- a true masterpiece.

　　Bona fide（在法律术语中指良好的意图/一般表示真诚的和善意的）: While it's literal translation means "good faith" this term has a few different shades of meaning in modern language. In legal terms, it is used to represent something that is presented without deception or fraud, or literally in good faith, honest, sincere and lawful. It is more commonly used to mean something that's the real deal or truly authentic.

　　Quasi（类似的，有如）: In Latin, this word means as if or as though and in English it is used as both an adjective in its own right and as a part of a compound word. It simply designates something that resembles something else but doesn't quite have all the same features.

　　Alter ego（密友，或者个性的另一面）: Cicero coined this term, most likely taken from the Greek, to mean "a second self" or "another I" and its modern meaning hasn't changed much today. Many people have an alter ego, or another, perhaps hidden aspect of themselves. One example from popular culture is Beyonce's alter ego, Sasha Fierce.

　　Verbatim（逐字逐句的/地）: If you repeat something verbatim you repeat it in exactly the same words, word for word with no changes and no improvisation.

　　Status quo（现状）: From the Latin meaning "the state in which" this term is used today to designate the existing state or condition of things. For example, if you're making money off of a high pollution industry it is to your interests to maintain the status quo when it comes to environmental law.

　　Writing 写作时常用到的拉丁文

　　Knowing just what these terms and words mean can be a big help in improving your reading comprehension.

　　知道这些拉丁文可以有效地提高你的阅读理解能力。

　　1. Sic（这个是指原作品中出现了错误，编辑在此指出）: Found in writing, this Latin word most commonly finds a home in brackets （like this: [sic]） when quoting a statement or writing. It indicates that there is a spelling or grammar error （or just something out of the ordinary） in the original quotation and that the publication has only reproduced it faithfully, not made an error of their own.

　　2. Id est（缩写是i.e.,通常在作者想要给出具体的例子和解释的时候）: You've likely seen this term in writing bore, even if you weren't aware as it is commonly abbreviated to i.e. In Latin, it means "that is" and is used in English when the speaker or writer wants to give an example or explanation that specifies a statement.

　　3. Deus ex machina（解围的人或事件）: In direct translation, this term means, "God out of a machine" and it harkens back ancient Greek and Roman plays. When the plot would become too tangled or confusing, the writers would simply bring in God, lowered in via a pulley system （the machine） and he would wrap it all up. Today, it's still used in literature to describe a plot where an artificial or improbable means of resolving a conflict is used.

　　4. Exempli gratia（缩写是e.g.,这通常会用在例子前面，for the sake of example）: You'll often see this term abbreviated to e.g. in writing. It means "for the sake of example" and when it see it in a sentence you can expect that is will be followed by some examples.

　　5. Et cetera（缩写是etc. 意思是and the others还有其他的）: Few out there aren't familiar with this term but may not know it as well when it's spelled out like this and not abbreviated as etc. Meaning "and the others" it is used to denote that a list of things could continue ad infinitum （see below for dinition） and that for the sake of brevity it's better to just wrap things up with a simple etc.

　　6. Ex libris（专指书籍 从...图书馆来）: Back in the days when books were rarer and more expensive commodities than they were today, it was common to mark your books with a label bearing your own name and this phrase which means "from the library of." While not as common today, some true bibliophiles still use the labels.

　　7. Ibidem（缩写是ibid,常被用在文献页，指同一个资料来源被引用了两次）: Another abbreviated term, this word is more commonly seen in research writing in the form of "ibid." From the Latin for "in the same place" it is found in footnotes and bibliographies to designate that the same source has been cited twice in succession.

　　8. Et alii（缩写是et al, 通常用在一本合著的书的某一个作者名字之后以省略罗列其他的作者名字）:You're unlikely to encounter this Latin phrase in its unabbreviated form, and will most likely only ever see it as et al when included. This is also a term that is found in footnotes and bibliographies which allows writers to rer to a large number of authors without having to write each name out （for example, you could say that your source is Dr. Henry Jones et al.）

　　Everyday Talk 日常生活常用的拉丁语

　　You've likely heard these words and phrases on the news or in conversations, and if you didn't know what they meant then, these dinitions will help make it clear now.

　　你有可能之前在新闻或者日常对话中听过这些短语，如果你还不清楚他们具体是什么意思，那么接下来的解释会让你更加清楚它们的含义。

　　Ad infinitum（to infinity 无止尽的）: You might be able to guess what this phrase means simply through its similarity to the word we use in English. It means "to infinity" and can be used to describe something that goes on, seemingly or actually endlessly, as some students might feel about certain classes.

　　De facto（事实上）: In Latin, de facto means "from the fact" and in use in English it is often used to distinguish was is supposed to be the case from what is actually the reality. For example, legally, employers are not allowed to discriminate in hiring because of age, but many still practice de facto （in reality, in fact） discrimination.

　　In toto（in total, 总的来说/整体上）: No, this phrase doesn't mean that the cute little dog from The Wizard of Oz ate something, it means in all or entirely. Think of it as saying "in total" in a really weird voice.

　　Ipso facto（本质上/事实证明）: Meaning "by the fact itself" this commonly used and misused term is denotes when something is true by its very nature. For example, if you don't feed your dog you are ipso facto a bad owner.

　　Tabula rasa（纯洁质朴天真的状态）: When you were a child, your mind might have been more of a tabula rasa than it is today. This Latin phrase means "clean slate" and denotes something or someone not affected by experiences and impressions.

　　Terra firma（坚实的陆地）: Those who hate to fly or get seriously seasick will be able to put this term to good use. It means firm ground, and you might be thanking your lucky stars to be back on it after a trip through the air or rough waters.

　　Mea culpa（是我的错）: If you want to admit your own guilt or wrongdoing in a situation, use this Latin phrase that translates literally to "my fault." It's a bit like a fancier, less outdated way of saying "my bad."

　　Persona non grata（不受欢迎的人）: From the Latin meaning an "unacceptable person" this term designates someone who's no longer welcome in a social or business situation.

　　In situ（现场，就地）: If something happens in situ it happens in place or on site, though the term often designates something that exists in an original or natural state. Like a rare species sighted in situ or an invaluable artifact found on an archeological site.

　　In vitro（在试管内）: Most students will be familiar with this term because of modern fertility treatments, but have you ever considered what the term actually means? In Latin, in vitro means "in glass" and any biological process that occurs in the laboratory rather than in the body or a natural setting can be called in vitro.

　　In vivo（在活体内）: While an experiment taking place in a glass test tube might not cause a stir, many are up in arms about this kind of experimentation. In vivo means "within the living" and the two most common examples of this kind of experimentation are animal testing and clinical trials.

　　Ante bellum（战前，尤指美国南北战争）: During your history courses, you're bound to encounter this term. It means in the most basic sense "bore the war" and while it can be applied to any war it is most commonly used to rer to the American Civil War and the Antebellum Era the preceded it.

　　以上是美国留学生活工作必记的高频拉丁词汇汇总，希望能对申请者有所帮助。如果有疑问或者感兴趣的话，可以打免费电话400-890-6000咨询澳际的专家。

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