2017年11月16日雅思阅读机经整理.

考试日期：

2013年11月16日

Reading Passage 1

Title:

Professor Horn and T-REX 霸王龙的最新研究

Question types:

是非无判断 8题

Summary 原文原词 6题

文章内容回顾

恐 龙研究专家及其研究项目的详细介绍。前几段主要讲解该科学家的生平。毕业没有学位，但是却被自己的大学授予奖励。他没有去比较远的大的博物馆。他认为恐龙 不是掠食性动物，而是吃腐蚀的动物。从牙齿到四肢做了深入的研究，觉得其他科学家判断恐龙的研究没有依据。但是也会接受其他科学家有根据的推测。

题型难度分析

难度适中

英文原文

yrannosaurus �rex was one of the largest �land carnivores of all time; the largest complete specimen, FMNH PR2081 ("Sue") measured �12.3 metres (40 ft) long,^[3] and was 4 metres (13 ft) tall at the �hips.^[4] Mass estimates have varied widely over �the years, from more than 7.2 metric tons (7.9 short tons),^[8] to less than 4.5 metric tons (5.0 short �tons),^[9][10] with most modern estimates ranging �between 5.4 metric tons (6.0 short tons) and 6.8 metric tons (7.5 short tons).^{[5][11][12][13]} Packard et al. (2009) tested �dinosaur mass estimation procedures on elephants and concluded that dinosaur estimations �are flawed and produce over-estimations; thus, the weight of Tyrannosaurus could be much less than usually estimated.^[14] Other estimations have concluded that �the largest known Tyrannosaurus specimens had masses approaching^[15] or exceeding 9 tonnes.^[3]

Restoration �of T. rex showing hypothetical feathery coating, as implied by phylogenetic �bracketing.

The neck of Tyrannosaurus rex formed a natural S-shaped curve like that of other theropods, �but was short and muscular to support the massive head. The forelimbs had only � two clawed fingers,^[16] along with an additional small metacarpalrepresenting the remnant of a third �digit.^[17] In contrast the hind limbs were among �the longest in proportion to body size of any theropod. The tail was heavy and �long, sometimes containing over forty vertebrae, in order to balance the massive head �and torso. To compensate for the immense bulk of the animal, many bones throughout �the skeleton were hollow, reducing its weight without significant loss of strength.^[16]

The largest �known Tyrannosaurus rex skulls measure up to 5 feet (1.5 m) in length.^[18] Large fenestrae (openings) �in the skull reduced weight and provided areas for muscle attachment, as in all �carnivorous theropods. But in other respects Tyrannosaurus's skull was �significantly different from those of large non-tyrannosauroid theropods. It was extremely wide �at the rear but had a narrow snout, allowing unusually good binocular vision.^[19][20] The skull bones were massive and the nasals and some other bones were fused, preventing �movement between them; but many were pneumatized (contained �a "honeycomb" of tiny air spaces) which may have made the bones more �flexible as well as lighter. These and other skull-strengthening features are �part of the tyrannosauridtrend �towards an increasingly powerful bite, which easily surpassed that of all non-tyrannosaurids.^[21][22][23] The tip of the upper jaw was U-shaped �(most non-tyrannosauroid carnivores had V-shaped upper jaws), which increased �the amount of tissue and bone a tyrannosaur could rip out with one bite, although �it also increased the stresses on the front teeth.^[24][25]

Profile view �of a skull (AMNH 5027)

A 2012 study �by scientists Karl Bates and Peter Falkingham suggested that the bite force of Tyrannosaurus could have been the strongest of any terrestrial animal that �has ever lived. The calculations suggested that adult T. rex could have �generated from 35000 to 57000 newtons of force in the back teeth, or the equivalent �of three times the force estimated for a great white shark, 15 times the force �of an African lion, 3 and a half times the force of an Australian saltwater crocodile �and around 7 times the estimated force for Allosaurus.^[26][27] However, even higher estimates were �made by professor Mason B. Meers of the University of Tampa in 2003. In his study, �Meers estimated a possible bite force of around 183000 to 235000 newtons or 18.3 �to 23.5 metric tons; a bite force equivalent to that of the largest Megalodon � shark specimens.^[23][28]

The teeth of Tyrannosaurus rex displayed marked heterodonty (differences in shape).^[16][29] The premaxillary teeth at the front of the upper �jaw were closely packed, D-shaped in cross-section, had reinforcing ridges on �the rear surface, were incisiform (their tips were �chisel-like blades) and curved backwards. The D-shaped cross-section, reinforcing �ridges and backwards curve reduced the risk that the teeth would snap when Tyrannosaurus bit and pulled. The remaining teeth were robust, like "lethal bananas" rather than daggers; more widely spaced and also had reinforcing ridges.^[30] Those in the upper jaw were larger �than those in all but the rear of the lower jaw. The largest found so far is estimated �to have been 30 centimetres (12 in) long including the root when the animal was �alive, making it the largest tooth of any carnivorous dinosaur yet found.^[4]

Classification

Tyrannosaurus is the type genus of the superfamily Tyrannosauroidea, the family Tyrannosauridae, and the subfamily Tyrannosaurinae; �in other words it is the standard by which paleontologists decide whether to include �other species in the same group. Other members of the tyrannosaurine subfamily �include the North American Daspletosaurus and the Asian Tarbosaurus,^[31][32] both of which have occasionally been �synonymized with Tyrannosaurus.^[25] Tyrannosaurids were once commonly �thought to be descendants of earlier large theropods such as megalosaurs and carnosaurs, although more recently they were �reclassified with the generally smaller coelurosaurs.^[24]

Diagram showing �the differences between a generalised Tarbosaurus(A) and Tyrannosaurus (B) skull

Cast of the Nanotyrannus lancensis holotype, possibly a juvenile Tyrannosaurus

In 1955, Soviet paleontologist Evgeny Maleev named a new species, Tyrannosaurus �bataar, from Mongolia.^[33] By 1965, this species had been renamed Tarbosaurus bataar.^[34] Despite the renaming, many phylogenetic analyses have foundTarbosaurus �bataar to be the sister taxon of Tyrannosaurus �rex,^[32] and it has often been considered an �Asian species of Tyrannosaurus.^[24][35][36] A recent redescription of the skull �of Tarbosaurus bataar has shown that it was much narrower than that of Tyrannosaurus rex and that during a bite, the distribution of stress in �the skull would have been very different, closer to that of Alioramus, another Asian tyrannosaur.^[37] A related cladistic analysis found thatAlioramus, �not Tyrannosaurus, was the sister taxon of Tarbosaurus, which, if �true, would suggest that Tarbosaurus andTyrannosaurus should remain �separate.^[31]

Other tyrannosaurid �fossils found in the same formations as Tyrannosaurus rex were originally �classified as separate taxa, including Aublysodon and Albertosaurus �megagracilis,^[25] the latter being named Dinotyrannus �megagracilis in 1995.^[38] However, these fossils are now universally �considered to belong to juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex.^[39] A small but nearly complete skull �from Montana, 60 centimetres (2.0 ft) long, may be an exception. This skull was �originally classified as a species of Gorgosaurus (G. lancensis) by Charles W. Gilmore in 1946,^[40] but was later rerred to a new genus, Nanotyrannus.^[41] Opinions remain divided on the validity �of N. lancensis. Many paleontologists consider the skull to belong to a �juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex.^[42] There are minor differences between �the two species, including the higher number of teeth in N. lancensis, �which lead some scientists to recommend keeping the two genera separate until �further research or discoveries clarify the situation.^[32][43]

题型技巧分析

是非无判断题解题思路：

1. 关键词定位到原文中与题目出现重复的段落

2. 判断方式不包含任何逻辑推理

TRUE: 是原文的同义近义改写

FALSE: 对于原文信息的直接改写

NOT GIVEN: 原文没有信息，或通过原文信息不能直接推理出来

3. 书写应该规范，大写全拼。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

2012年4月12日旧题

Reading Passage 2

Title:

英国戏剧的复兴

Question �types:

List of headings 标题配对题 7题

Matching 分类配对题 3题

句子填空题 3题

文章内容回顾

英国戏剧中世纪的复兴，首段说国王卷土回来，戏剧复兴，产生新的形式，连莎士比亚的剧作都有了新元素，罗密欧与朱丽叶都有了happy ending。接下来讲了两大剧院建立，然后讲舞台的布局，接下来是喜剧成为主流，女演员也加入进来，最后讲悲剧也得到了巨大的发展。

题型难度分析

难度适中

题型技巧分析

list of headings:

要求对题目中给出的段落，根据其内容找出与其相匹配的段落标题。尽管题目说明中提示一个选项可能会适用多个，但正式考试中一般一个选项只能用于一个段落。

1. 在list �of headings中划去作为例子的heading或headings, 以免根据段落内容在list �of headings中找出与其相匹配的段落标题时，它（它们）会干扰考试者对其他headings的选择。

2. 在文章中把作为例子的段落划掉，以免对例子段落进行不必要的精读。

3. 对题目中给出的段落，按照首句（第一、二句）、末句和中间句寻找主题句的方法，在list of headings中找出与其相匹配的段落标题

4. 如果时间允许，按照文章的段落顺序，对非题目中给出的段落及例子段落进行快速阅读，而对题目中给出并要求找出与其相匹配的段落标题的段落进行精读。找出其中心意思后，再在list of headings中找出与其相匹配的段落标题。

5. 选出几个可能匹配的题目进行比较（通常两至三个），当然其中只能有一个为正确答案。

6. 对于第一种匹配题型可以将最难的题留在最后进行匹配，不要在较难的题上花费更多的时间，而应选择较易回答的题目进行匹配，最后所剩即为该难题的答案。

7. 要仔细检察答案，特别是第一题型，因为答错一题，就意味着答错两道题。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑6 Test 1

剑7 Test 1

Reading Passage 3

Title:

小班教育

Question types:

信息段落配对 5题

Classification 8题

文章内容回顾

讨论小班教育的内容，说美国人对小班教育越来越不会在意了，因为变成一个基本的政策了，然后通过三个projects分别陈述了不同的project有什么效果。

第一个project讲的是把小孩子分到三种班级里，第一种10个人，第二种固定班20多个人，第三种也是固定班30个人，但是既有老师还有一个teaching �aide。然后这样分班分3年，最后一年集合到一个班里来，保证他们有平等的教育。这时候小班教育的学生就表现出优势了。

第二个project也是分小班，但是只是选一些特殊的学校，然后这个project会恶化现状，因为好的地方总是吸引好的老师，然后教育水平差距越来越大。

最后一个project讲的是小班学生中，还选了30%的平均水平之下的学生，使这个结果更加全面。

题型难度分析

难度适中

题型技巧分析

细节配对是雅思考试中比较难的题型，我们来分析一下这类题目的做题技巧：

首先，让我们来了解一下这种题目的出题特点。

1. 彻底同义转换

和其它题型不同的是，这种题型是对原文一句话或者一段话进行的彻底同义转换，个别甚至是高度概括，因此几乎不存在任何定位词，因此不能根据定位词到原文中定位答案。考生必须具备非常强的语言理解能力，才能快速识别出文章信息和段落信息的相似之处，从而找到答案。

2. 完全乱序

由于这种题型是要求把细节信息与所在的段落进行配对，因此是绝对打乱顺序出题的。

3. 部分题目存在重复选项

在雅思阅读中，段落细节配对题以两种形式出现，一种是每个选项只能用一次，另外一种题型，在Instruction的最后一句往往有这样的提示：NB You may �use any letter more than once.

如果出现这样的提示，则说明某些段落可以重复选用。剑桥真题集中的真题以及笔者、考生的实际考试经历证明，这种指令往往意味着有且仅有一个选项可以使用两次。

4. 从题量上来看，存在着以下两种可能：

1) 题量=段落数+1（肯定带NB）

2) 题量小于段落数两个以上

由于每个选项只能重复使用一次，因此第一种题型就意味着每个段落都会有至少一个答案，而第二种题型则不能保证每段都有。

5. 永远是第一个题型

不管在A类考试还是G类的考试中，我们发现，这种题目永远是出现在第一个题型，而且这种题型与段落标题配对题型List �of headings属于“相克题型”，即这两者不可能同时出现。

6. 有部分题目与其后的题目有关联

由于这种题型一般都是跨全文出的，因此跟后面的题目不可避免地出现交叉，因此有可能根据后面的题目来推断出细节所在的位置。

题量=段落数+1, 且带NB的题型：

前面讲过，由于段落细节配对题的出题特点，这种题型往往暗示了每段都会有至少一个答案，那么这种题目适合用“通篇浏览”的方法来做。具体步骤如下：

1. 阅读所有题目，划出关键词

关键词就是能最大限度上概括整个句子的单词或短语，第一步划出关键词，在短时间内将所有的题目进行高度的浓缩，符合人类短期记忆的规律。

2. 通读所有段落，依次寻找答案

因为每段都会有答案，因此现在所需要做的事情就是到每段去找答案。要注意在选出信息后，要在选出的段落上做上记号，以免浪费时间。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

2009年9月12日旧题

考试趋势分析和备考指导：

本次阅读考试体现了现在雅思阅读考试的主流趋势，本次考试中是非无题量增加，这应该是一件好事。但是在具体的考试中，很多学生，仍然对于是非无的判断把握不好。是非无的注意点：1. 定位；2. 判断；3. 书写。平时练习中一定要好好分析错误的原因。

提高阅读速度：

1. 扩大眼睛扫描的宽度，训练自己一眼看过至少阅读到3-5个单词。

2. 快速泛读不同领域的书籍，理解和掌握书中主要内容即可，拓宽自己的知识面。

3. 计时阅读，养成计时阅读的习惯，计时阅读每次进行5-10分钟即可，不宜太长。在加快阅读速度的同时努力迅速总结每段大意。